Gall bladder volume and contractility in type 2 diabetes mellitus

The aim of this study was to sonographically evaluate gall bladder changes in type 2 diabetes. One hundred type 2 diabetic subjects (50 with neuropathy and 50 without neuropathy) and 50 healthy controls un-derwent sonographic evaluation of the gall bladder. Fasting and postprandial gall bladder volumes (FGBV and PPGBV) were measured; and the gall bladder contractility index (GBCI) calculated. The presence of gallstones was also noted. It was found that patients with diabetic neuropathy had a significantly higher FGBV and PPGBV; and lower GBCI; compared with diabetic patients without neuropathy; PPGBV and GBCI also differed significantly from non-diabetic controls. Gallstones were present in 22% of diabetic patients with neuropathy; in 10% of those without neuropathy; and in 8% of controls. We conclude that diabetic patients with neuropathy have significant abnormalities of gall bladder function; presumably due to autonomic nerve dysfunction. These patients also have a higher prevalence of gallstones; suggesting that ultrasound screening may be worthwhile

Paediatric Endocrine Disorders at the University College Hospital; Ibadan: 2002 - 2009

Background: Until recently; most published research focus more on infectious diseases and malnutrition giving the impression that endocrine disorders are uncommon. Reports on endocrine disorders in children in developing countries are few compared to developed countries reflecting the different level of prevalence in the different geographical locations and or level of awareness and availability of facilities for proper diagnosis. Objective: This study aims at defining the burden of paediatric endocrine disorders in Ibadan. Subjects/Methods: A review of records of children who presented at University College Hospital; Ibadan with paediatric endocrine disorders from 2002 to 2009 was carried out. Results: During the eight-year period; a total of 110 children presented with various endocrine disorders but only 94 had complete data for this study. There were 47(50) males and 37(39.4) females; and in 10(10.6) of them; had genital ambiguity at presentation. Patients' ages ranged from 2 weeks to 15 years with a median of 3 years. Many (35) patients were malnourished with weight less than 80 of the expected weight for age and only 9 were overweight. Yearly distribution of cases showed a steady increase in number of cases from 2005. Rickets and metabolic disorders constituted 56.4 of patients; Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in 12.8; adrenal disoders in 10.6; pubertal disorders in 5.3 and growth disorders in 4.3 of the patients. Thyroid disorders were present in 6.4; obesity in 3.2 while the least common disorder was Diabetes insipidus (1). About 58 of the children had parents in the low socioeconomic status and the management of the cases were severely hampered by lack of funds. About 60.6 of these patients were lost to follow up; during the period. Conclusions: Paediatric endocrine disorders are associated with a high incidence of malnutrition. Most patients presented with rickets which is a preventable condition