Épidémiologie des candidoses systémiques dans les services à haut risque au CHU et au centre anti cancer de Batna ­Algérie / Epidemiology of systemic candidiasis in high-risk departments at the university hospital and cancer center of Batna -Algeria

Introduction : Les candidoses systémiques sont des affections graves responsables d'une mortalité élevée. L'objectif de ce travail est de décrire l'épidémiologie des candidoses systémiques dans les services à haut risque au CHU et au CAC de BATNA. Patients et méthodes : Il s'agit d'une étude prospective descriptive durant une période de trois ans (1er janvier 2016 au 31 décembre 2018). Les patients inclus sont ceux ayant au moins un prélèvement profond positif á Candida spp. Résultats : Un total de 69 cas de candidoses systémiques correspondant à 75 isolats et concernant 63 patients a pu être analysé. L'incidence globale était de 2,62 cas pour 1000 admissions. Les principaux motifs d'hospitalisation étaient les hémopathies malignes et le choc septique. La présence d'une colonisation ( 2 sites), une antibiothérapie á large spectre, d'un cathéter intra vasculaire, une corticothérapie, une chimiothérapie, une neutropénie étaient les facteurs de risque les plus retrouvés. L'analyse des souches isolées a montré la prédominance des espèces non albicans. L'index de colonisation ≥ 0,5 a été significativement associé au risque de candidose systémique. L'utilisation des Azolés a été associée á un taux de mortalité le plus élevé (19%). Le taux de mortalité est significativement élevé 51%. Conclusion : Les facteurs de risque et un index de colonisation ≥ 0,5 dans les services á haut risque constituent un facteur prédictif de candidose systémique. La prise en charge thérapeutique doit être instaurée pour réduire le taux de mortalité et éviter les complications liées á ces infections.

Background: Systemic candidiasis are serious conditions responsible for high mortality. The objective of this work is to describe the epidemiology of systemic candidiasis in high-risk departments at the UHC and the ACC of BATNA. Patients and methods: This is a descriptive prospective study over a period of three years (January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2018). The patients included are those with at least one positive deep sample for Candida spp. Results: 69 cases of systemic candidiasis corresponding to 75 isolates and concerning 63 patients could be analyzed. The overall incidence was 2.62 cases per 1,000 admissions. The main reasons for hospitalization were hematologic malignancies and septic shock. The presence of colonization ( 2 sites), broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, an intravascular catheter, corticosteroid therapy, chemotherapy, neutropenia were the most common risk factors. Analysis of the isolated strains showed the predominance of nonalbicans species. Colonization index ≥ 0.5 was significantly associated with the risk of systemic candidiasis. Azole's use was associated with the highest mortality rate (19%). The mortality rate is significantly high 51%. Conclusion. Risk factors and a colonization index ≥ 0.5 in high-risk wards are a predictor of systemic candidiasis. Therapeutic care must be instituted to reduce the mortality rate and avoid complications linked to these infections

Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant and anti-Candida albicans activities of Annona cherimola Mill. fruit pulp

Aims: The main objectives of the present study were to characterize the phytochemical profile of Annona cherimola Mill, to assess its antioxidant characteristics and its antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Methods and Material: Aqueous decoction, aqueous infusion, aqueous maceration, and methanolic maceration were screened for the presence of phytochemicals and to quantify content of phenolics, tannins, and flavonoids. Furthermore, antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH and FRAP assays, as well the assessment of antifungal activity for the different extracts. Results: Results showed that phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and saponins were present in the four extracts. The aqueous maceration extract presented the highest total phenolic content (3.687 mg GAE/g of extract). Decoction extract showed the lowest phenolic content 2.504 mg GAE/g. Besides, infusion showed the most important total flavonoids content (2.567mg CE/g). The most relevant total antioxidant activity was found for decoction (lowest IC50 12.61 mg/ml AAE). The aqueous maceration exhibited the less antioxidant activity (IC50= 21.98 mg/ml AAE). The best scavenging activity was observed for decoction (IC50=7.27 mg/mL). All the extracts showed a reducing capacity. Infusion exhibited the best reducing power (EC50 = 11.29 mg/mL), compared to decoction (EC50 = 39.32 mg/mL). Regarding antifungal activity, at 100 and 200 µg/mL, decoction and methanolic maceration resulted in 6 and 9 mm inhibition zone, respectively. In addition, at higher doses (800 and 2000 µg/mL), inhibition zone increased in a dose dependent manner for all the extracts. Conclusions: Annona cherimola Mill. could be an important source of bioactive molecules with antioxidant and antifungal activities

Prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis among women with diabetes mellitus in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria

Background: Diabetes mellitus predisposes to both bacterial and fungal infections, including Candida species. Hitherto, Candida albicans has been identified as the most common opportunistic pathogen among patients with diabetes mellitus. More recently, Non-Candida albicans Candida (NCAC) species are increasingly recognized as the cause of candida infections.Objective: To determine the prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) as well as the species of Candida frequently identified among women with diabetes mellitus in Ibadan, Nigeria.Methods: A cross-sectional study of 213 women diagnosed with diabetes mellitus was carried out in 2010. Direct microscopy and fungal cultures of high vaginal swabs were done using Sabouraud--Dextrose Agar and ChromAgar.Results: The prevalence of VVC among 213 women with diabetic mellitus was 18.8% (40/213). The predominant Candida species isolated were Candida glabrata (30.0%), C. albicans and C. tropicalis (17.5%) each and C. Gulliermondii (15.0%). Diabetic women had higher rates of moderate and heavy growth of Candida density. Twenty-nine (72.5%) patients with candidiasis were symptomatic and the most common symptom was vulval/vaginal itching 48.3% (14/29.Conclusion: This study put the prevalence rate of VVC among women with diabetes mellitus in Ibadan at 18.8%. The most common Candida species isolated was C.glabrata and majority of the patients were symptomatic

In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility Patterns of Candida Albicans from HIV and AIDS Patients Attending the Nylon Health District Hospital in Douala; Cameroon

HIV and AIDS are major public health problems in Cameroon where the HIV prevalence is 5.5. Candidiasis is the leading opportunistic mycosis in HIV and AIDS patients. The objective of this study was to determine the in vitro antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida albicans in HIV and AIDS patients to eight antifungal agents in the Nylon Health District of Douala in Cameroon. Three hundred and four HIV and AIDS patients were recruited between March and August 2007 to participate in a cross-sectional study. All subjects who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects before samples were collected. Three samples comprising oral swabs; vagina/urethra swabs and a mid-stream urine were collected from each subject. Specimens were cultured on sabouraud dextrose agar and C. albicans isolates were identified using the germ tube technique. The disk diffusion method was used for antifungal susceptibility testing using eight antifungal agents. The prevalence of candidiasis in the study population was 67.8 (95 CI: 62.5-73.1) and that of C. albicans was 42.8 (95 CI: 37.2-48.4). Oral swabs had the highest prevalence of C. albicans followed by vaginal/urethral samples (52.6 vs. 29.7) subjects had C. albicans infection at more than one collection site. There was a statistically significant difference in the infectivity of C. albicans with age; sex and site of infection (P0.05). C. albicans isolates were most sensitive to ketoconazole (80) followed by econazole (64.6) while fluconazole and 5-flurocytosin recorded the poorest sensitivities (22.9 vs 24.6; respectively). There was a statistically significant difference in the sensitivity pattern of antifungal agents with respect to the site of isolation of the organism (P0.05). Ketoconazole is the drug of choice for the treatment of C. albicans infection in HIV and AIDS patients in the Nylon Health District of Douala; Cameroon

Prevalence of dermatophytosis among primary school children in Oke-Oyi community of Kwara state

Background: Dermatophytic infections have been known to impact negatively on health and well-being of children. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence; clinical types as well as the etiologic organisms of dermatophyte infection among primary school children aged 5-16 years in Oke-Oyi community in Kwara state. Materials and Methods: A 4-months descriptive cross-sectional survey was carried out among 602 children aged 5-16 years in Oke-Oyi community; in Kwara state. Results: The prevalence of clinically suspected dermatophytoses lesion was 29.9(180/602). Dermatophyte accounted for 5.0(30/602) on Sabouraud dextrose agar culture; while non-dermatophyte molds represent majority of isolate i.e.; 15.4(93/602). Tinea capitis is the commonest clinical type; followed by Tinea coporis and then Tinea pedis. Multiple infections are noted in nine respondents. Three species of dermatophytes belonging to only two of the three genera of dermatophytes were responsible for human infection in the area studied; of which Trichophyton mentagrophyte is the commonest; followed by Microsporum audouinii and Trichophyton verucossum. Among the non-dermatophytes; Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans predominate. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the prevalence of dermatophytoses in the school studied was significant. Control efforts should target this vulnerable group to reduce its prevalence

Genital Mycoplasmas in Women Attending the Yaounde University Teaching Hospital in Cameroon

Genital mycoplasmas are implicated in pelvic inflammatory diseases; puerperal infection; septic abortions; low birth weight; nongonococcal urethritis and prostatitis as well as spontaneous abortion and infertility in women. There is paucity of data on colonisation of genital mycoplasma in women and their drug sensitivity patterns. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of genital mycoplasmas (Ureaplasma urealiticum and Mycoplasma hominis) infection and their drug sensitivity patterns in women. A mycofast kit was used for biochemical determination of mycoplasma infection in 100 randomly selected female patients aged 19-57 years; attending the University of Yaounde Teaching Hospital (UYTH) from March to June 2010. Informed consent was sought and gained before samples were collected. Genital mycoplasmas were found in 65 patients (65) [95CI=55.7-74.3] and distributed as 41 (41) [95CI=31.4-50.6] for U. urealiticum and 4 (4) [95CI=0.20-7.8] for M. hominis while there was co-infection in 20 women (20) [95CI=12.16-27.84]. In our study; 57 (57) [95CI=47.3- 67] had other organisms; which included C. albicans (19 [19]); G. vaginalis (35 [35]) and T. vaginalis (3 [3]). Among the 65 women with genital mycoplasma; the highest co-infection was with G. vaginalis (33.8). Pristinamycine was the most effective antibiotic (92) and sulfamethoxazole the most resistant (8) antibiotic to genital mycoplasmas. We concluded that genital mycoplasma is a problem in Cameroon and infected women should be treated together with their partners

Prevalence of Candida Albicans in Symptomatic Vulvovaginitis in Port Harcourt; Rivers State; Nigeria

The prevalence of Candida albicans in symptomatic vaginitis in female patients aged 15 - 30 years attending the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH) Clinics was investigated. A total of 120 High vaginal swab (HVS) samples were collected and examined by direct microscopy and culture. The investigation revealed that prevalence of vaginal candidiasis among these patients was 50. Candida albicans accounted for 38.3while other species of Candida accounted for 11.7. Susceptibility of C. albicans to fluconazole was examined using well-in-agar diffusion technique and 89.1of C. albicans colonies were found to be susceptible to the antifungal azole. Microscopic examination also revealed that both bacteria and Trichomonas vaginalis cause vaginitis

Comparative Studies of Antimicrobial Properties of Cardiospermum Gradiflorum and Cardiospermum Halicacabum

Extracts of Cardiospermum gradiflorum and Cardiospermum halicacabumwere screened for antimicrobial activities against Candida albicans; Escherichia coli; Staphylococcus aureus; Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus viridans using the agar diffusion method. The two plants produced antimicrobial activities against all the test organisms. C. grandiflorum exhibited higher antimicrobial activity than C. Halicacabum. S.aureus was the most resistant to the extract of C. Gradiflorum among the organisms assayed while E. coli was the most resistant to the leaf extract of C. halicaca. The mimumum inhibitory concentration of the extracts ranged between 35mg/ml and 50mg/ml. Cardiospermum Gradiflorum could be a more effective antimicrobial agent than Cardiospermum halicaca

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella typhi and Candida Albicans isolates in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

The aim of this study was to determine antimicrobial susceptibility testing patterns of Candida albicans and Salmonella typhi isolates. Fifteen isolates of each microorganism were collected from three hospitals located in Dar es Salaam region within a 3-month period in the year 2005. Candida albicans and Salmonella typhi isolates were purified by sub-culturing on appropriate culture media in order to obtain pure cultures of the assayed microorganisms. Candida albicans isolates were identified by Gram staining technique and germ tube test; while S. typhi isolates were also identified by Gram staining technique followed by sub-culturing in various selective and differential culture media; then confirmed by immunological (agglutination) test. In-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the assayed microbial isolates were determined by the disk diffusion technique of Stokes. The disk strength and tentative sizes of zones of inhibition (ZI) were interpreted in accordance with American National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standard (NCCLS). Antifungal susceptibility patterns for C. albicans isolates showed that azoles are more efficacious than other assayed antifungal agents. Results of antibacterial susceptibility revealed that all the assayed S. typhi isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole; but were sensitive to ciprofloxacin; gentamicin; ampicillin; doxcycline and ceftriaxone. Therefore; this study finding calls for a need to review the current prescription and dispensing practices of antimicrobial agents in both hospitals and pharmacies respectively. Furthermore; it is recommended that a nationwide study on antimicrobial susceptibility pattern should be conducted in order to come up with national policy on rational use of antibiotics

Activites antifongiques de deux huiles essentielles sur les champignons des feves de cacao et de levures : Candida albicans et Cryptococcus neoformans

Les activites quotidiennes de l'homme l'exposent a la pollution environnementale par des microorganismes dont les champignons qui peuvent occasionner chez lui des mycoses ou detruire les produits vegetaux. Face e cela; les moyens de lutte employes se revelent plus ou moins efficaces mais sont; parfois dangereux. Chez le cacao la presence des toxines fongiques est a l'origine de la deterioration de sa qualite. Ainsi; sur des feves de provenances diverses; des especes Fongiques ont ete isolees par secousse et a partir d'un ecouvillon frotte aux Feves. Ensuite; il e ete teste deux huiles essentielles comestibles extraites de vegetaux ivoiriens. (Chenopodium ambrosioides et Melaleuca quinquenervia a 1 ml/L; 5 ml/L et 10 ml/L sur Aspergillus sp; Aspergillus niger; Aspergillus fumiganus; Mucor racemosus; Candida albicans et Cryptococcus neoformans. Aussi; une protection des feves de cacao par l'huile de Melaleuca quinquenervia a ete experimentee. Suite a ces differentes experiences; il a ete retenu d'une part; qu'a 1 ml/L et 5ml/l ces huiles essentielles ont des activites antifongiques. D'autre part. a 1ml/l Chenopodium ambrosioides agirait comme un Fongicide dans notre experience contrairement a l'huile de Melaleuca quinquenervia. Mais a 5 ml/1; l'huile de Melaleuca quinquenervia empeche le developpement de A. flavus; A. fumigatus; A. niger; Aspergillus sp; M. racemosus; Penicillium sp sur les feves de cacao pendant un mois. Ces experiences ont permis d'elucider l'impact de chacune des huiles sur les champignons. Vu la diversite de leurs activites; ces deux huiles essentielles pourraient etre utilisees comme produits antifongiques de lutte contre les champignons dans l'environnement et contre certaines mycoses

Diagnosis of Vaginal Infection in Pregnancy

Pregnant women are prone to vaginal infection. At Primary Health Care Clinics diagnosis of causative organism of vaginal infections is made by using history-taking and assessment of clinical picture methods. The accuracy of these methods is investigated in this stctdy by comparing the results obtained by history taking and assessment of clinical picture with that which is obtained by examining wet mount specimens under a microscope. Seventy respondents participated in the study Irz 48; 6 cases; the diagnosis of causative organism; as identified by the two different methods; were similar. In 51.4 of the cases the diagnosis differed Candida albicans infection was diagnosed by 10 respondents; while 3 actlrally had Trichomonas vaginalis infection and seven had Gardnerella vaginalis infection. Trichomomonas vaginalis infection was diagnosed in 26 cases; while 15 were actually due to Candida albicans and 11 due to Gardnerella vaginalis

Diagnostic des IST dans les laboratoires peripheriques: guide du formateur

Ce manuel de formation comprend 2 parties essentielles. La premiere partie presente les objectifs de la formation; la description des activites a mener; le choix des methodes et techniques de formation; le plan; la conduite et l'evaluation de la formation. La deuxieme partie fournit des informations sur les IST responsables d'ecoulement genitaux; les IST responsables d'ulcerations genitales; les prelevements; transport et conservation des ecoulements; l'examen direct des secretions cervicales; des prelevements urethraux et des urines du premier jet; l'isolement et l'identification de Neisseria Conorrhoeae; de Candida Albicans et des mycoplasmes; le diagnostic direct de la syphilis par microscopie a fond noir; le diagnostic serologique de la syphilis par RPR et TPHA