Lutte antivectorielle dans le programme de lutte contre l'onchocercose au Nord du Togo à la suite du stage effectué à l'OMS/Oncho Kara du 1er janvier 1999 au 31 Mai 1999

L'onchocercose est une maladie parasitaire débilitante transmise par la piqûre de simulies infectées qui vivent et se reproduisent à proximité des rivières dans les régions tropicales. Une exposition prolongée aux piqûres de ces simulies peut entrainer des déficiences visuelles graves pouvant aller jusqu'à la cécité d'où le nom familier de la maladie, cécité des rivières. Dans la région de savane de I'Afrique de l'Ouest, l'onchocercose pose depuis de nombreuses années un grave problème de santé publique et constitue un obstacle au développement économique, forçant les communautés entières à abandonner leurs villages situés dans des zones fertiles au voisinage des cours d'eau pour échapper aux effets dévastateurs de l'infection. Le Programme de Lutte contre l'Onchocercose a été créé en 1974 pour combattre la maladie, d'abord par l'application généralisée de larvicides par épandage sur les gîtes larvaires de la simulie et, plus récemment, par le traitement de la communauté à l'ivermectine. Le programme couvre onze pays et, après vingt-cinq ans d'existence, a fait la preuve de son efficacité, étant parvenu non seulement à ramener le fardeau de la morbidité à un niveau insignifiant mais aussi à amener diverses organisations et des particuliers à travailler ensemble dans le cadre d'un effort concerté et soutenu afin d'atteindre l'objectif qu'il s'était fixé

The economics of trypanotolerance on Galana Ranch

Trials on the control of animal trypanosomiasis have been undertaken on Galana Ranch for more than ten years; and the results have been presented in many arenas concentrating primarily on productivity and genetic aspects. There has not yet; however; been a comprehensive economic analysis of these trials. This paper address the issue of the relative profitability of using trypanotolerant orma cattle compared with faster-growing but more susceptivle improved Kenya Boran. The results of eight different trails; mostly of twelve months duration; carried out in two areas of Galana Ranch; Kilifi District; with varying trypanosomiasis challenge between 1981-1989; are presented here. All trails compare the performance of groups of Orma and improved Boran steers; in terms of weight gain and the cost of tsetse/trypanosomiasis control required to achieve those rates of growth. Five of the trials compared alternative drug regimes for trypanosomiasis control; and three involved tsetse fly control using insecticide-impregnated targets. In trails using trypanocides; the important determinant of relative profitability is the trade-off between weight gain and treatment cost; although there is variation between years; especially with Orma cattle. In those trials where the Galana weight gains are significantly higher than Orma; the extra income compensates for increased treatment expenditure. However; in those cases where there is no major weight gain difference; the requirement of the Orma for less drug treatments makes it the more profitable breed. Where targets have been the major control measure; costs are similar for the Galana and Orma animals that weight gain is therefore the major determinant of relative profitability

Description of a mono-screen trap for Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead in Uganda

A low-cost mono-screen trap for Glossina fuscipes fuscipes suitable for use by a rural community in Uganda is described. The trap has a single blue/black screen and a cone made from mosquito netting. The supporting framework is made from indigenous plant materials. The differences in trap catches between the mono-screen; biconical; pyramidal and vavoua traps were highly significant (P less than 0.001). Taking the standard biconical trap as control; the mono-screen trap was 1.25 times as efficient and the pyramidal trap was 0.04 times as efficient. The cost of one mono-screen trap is estimated as 1800 Uganda shillings (= U.S. $4.7); about half the cost of a pyramidal trap and one-quarter the cost of a biconical trap. The prospects for the use of the mono-screen trap by the community are discussed

The predicted and observed decline in onchocerciasis infection during 14 years of successful control of Simulium spp. in West Africa

In 55 villages from the well-protected central area of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa (OCP), skin snip surveys have been carried out at regular intervals since the programme started, and the latest round of surveys was undertaken after 12-14 years of successful vector control. The observed trends in the prevalence and intensity of onchocerciasis infection in cohorts of adults were compared with the trends predicted using a host-parasite model. After 12-14 years of control the community microfilarial load (CMFL) was close to zero in all villages. During the last few years of control, the prevalence of infection declined at an accelerated rate, and this was predicted by the model. There was generally good agreement between observed and predicted trends. The predictions were based on an estimated average duration of infection of 10.4 years, which corresponds to a mean reproductive lifespan for Onchocerca volvulus of 9-9.5 years, and an upper limit of 15 years for 95% of the infections. Differences between the observed and predicted data included the trend in CMFL between the first and second surveys, which in 18 villages did not show the predicted decline. Furthermore, the observed final decline in prevalence was faster than predicted in the north-eastern part of the central OCP area. After 14 years of vector control, the level of onchocerciasis has fallen to such a low level that consideration is being given to ending larviciding

La lutte contre l'onchocercose en Afrique de l'Ouest: : un bilan

Nous présentons le vaste programme de lutte contre I'onchocercose en Afrique de l'Ouest qui intéresse onze Etats et couvre plus d'un million de kilomètres carrés' Nous réalisons une importante mise au point sur les aspects épidémiologiques' cliniques et thérapeutiques de I 'onchocercose mais aussi sur I 'impact socioéconomique de cette filariose dans les grandes zones bioclimatiques de savane et de forêt de I 'Afrique tropicale' Nous analysons les problèmes très particuliers que pose la lutte antivectorielle contre la simulie. Nous évoquons les nouvelles perspectives de lutte apportées par I'apparition de l' ivermectine. Ce travail est également l'occasion d'une vaste revue bibliographique actualisée'

Actellic

A brochure to promote the safe use of the pesticide Actellic

A review of the malaria control programme in Mashonaland West Province of Zimbabwe for the period 1984-1989 and a comparison with experiences elsewhere in the world

The review was done to determine the progress of the malaria control programme in the province. DDT was unpopular with the beneficiaries of the spraying programme. Malaria incidence of 1.7 - 1.8 did not change over the period 1987-1989; no associations between spraying coverage and malaria incidence could be established. There was no health education programme for the control programme until 1989. The major constraints of the control programme were operational. The programme was still virtually run from the province

Evaluation à court et moyen terme de l'effet de la permethrine sur la faune icthtyologique du fleuve Sassanda (Côte d'Ivoire)

Convention IET/OMS