Prevalence and factors associated with chronic kidney disease among medical inpatients at the Kenyatta National Hospital, Kenya, 2018: a cross-sectional study

Introduction: the burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide. Few studies in low and low-middle income countries have estimated the prevalence of CKD. We aimed to estimate prevalence and factors associated with CKD among medical inpatients at the largest referral hospital in Kenya.Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional study among medical inpatients at the Kenyatta National Hospital. We used systematic random sampling and collected demographic information, behavioural risk factors, medical history, underlying conditions, laboratory and imaging workup using a structured questionnaire. We estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in ml/min/1.73m2 classified into 5 stages; G1 (≥ 90), G2 (60-89), G3a (45-59), G3b (30-44), G4 (15-29) and G5 (<15, or treated by dialysis/renal transplant). Ethical approval was obtained from Kenyatta National Hospital-University of Nairobi Ethics and Research Committee (KNH-UoN ERC), approval number P510/09/2017. We estimated prevalence of CKD and used logistic regression to determine factors independently associated with CKD diagnosis.Results: we interviewed 306 inpatients; median age 40.0 years (IQR 24.0), 162 (52.9%) were male, 155 (50.7%) rural residents. CKD prevalence was 118 patients (38.6%, 95% CI 33.3-44.1); median age 42.5 years (IQR 28.0), 74 (62.7%) were male, 64 (54.2%) rural residents. Respondents with CKD were older than those without (difference 4.4 years, 95% CI 3.7-8.4 years, P = 0.032). Fifty-six (47.5%) of the patients had either stage G1 or G2, 17 (14.4%) had end-stage renal disease; 64 (54.2%) had haemoglobin below 10g/dl while 33 (28.0%) had sodium levels below 135 mmol/l. ); history of unexplained anaemia (aOR 1.80, 95% CI 1.02-3.19), proteinuria (aOR 5.16, 95% CI 2.09-12.74), hematuria (aOR 7.68, 95% CI 2.37-24.86); hypertension (aOR 2.71, 95% CI 1.53-4.80) and herbal medications use (aOR 1.97, 95% CI 1.07-3.64) were independently associated with CKD.Conclusion: burden of CKD was high among this inpatient population. Haematuria and proteinuria can aid CKD diagnosis. Public awareness on health hazards of herbal medication use is necessary

Factors contributing to primary caregiver delay in presenting children with chronic kidney disease for medical care in Ghana

Background: Conforming to the 2016 World Kidney Day focus on raising awareness of the early detection of kidney diseases in children, we report on factors that contribute to primary caregiver delay in presenting their children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) for medical care in Kumasi, Ghana.Aim: The objective of the study was to explore and describe the factors that contribute to primary caregiver delay in presenting children with CKD for medical care in Kumasi, Ghana.Setting: The study was conducted in the Paediatric Renal Unit in Kumasi, Ghana.Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in January 2017. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from a convenience sample of 10 primary caregivers whose children were admitted for CKD, but were not too ill. The primary caregivers had to respond to the research question: What factors contribute to your delay in presenting your child with CKD for medical care? Thematic data analysis and the ecological model of Schneider (2017) were used to organise the findings.Results: Four themes and related subthemes, including intrapersonal-related factors, interpersonal-related factors, community-related factors and infrastructural factors were identified as those that contribute to delay in presenting children with CKD for medical care.Conclusion: The findings show that primary prevention strategies for CKD in children should not only focus on personal-related factors but also cut across all levels of the socio-ecological model in order for them to be effective

Prevalence and pattern of chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorders among hemodialysis patients in kano, northwest Nigeria

Introduction: Mineral and bone disorders (MBD) are among the important complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD) including end-stage renal disease. In addition to the higher rate of all-cause and cardiovascular-related mortality, MBD is also a cause of significant morbidity in CKD patients. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of all consenting patients on hemodialysis at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, between December 2011 and June 2012. With the aid of an interviewer-administered questionnaire, the demographic profile and clinical features of the patients were obtained. After a general physical examination, blood sample was taken for the determination of calcium, phosphate, intact parathyroid hormone, 25 hydroxy (25[OH]) Vitamin D3, packed cell volume, serum creatinine, and potassium. Results: Forty-eight patients on maintenance hemodialysis were recruited for the study, 39 (81.3%) were male and 9 (18.8%) were female. The age range was 40­59 years, with a mean of 45.96 ± 13.7 years. Chronic glomerulonephritis was the predominant cause of CKD (25%). Hyperphosphatemia was noted in 19 (39.5%) of the patients, whereas 22 (46%) had hypocalcemia. In 26 (54.1%) of the patients, the calcium-phosphate product was >4.55 mmol2/L2. We found that 58% of the patients had CKD-MBD, of which 15 (31%) had secondary hyperparathyroidism, whereas 13 (27%) had features suggestive of adynamic bone disease. None of the patient had normal serum 25(OH) Vitamin D3(mean: 43.79 ± 21 ng/ml). Conclusion: CKD-MBD is common among patients on hemodialysis in our center. Screening for CKD-MBD and appropriate use of phosphate binder and Vitamin D when indicated are highly recommended

Prévalence des anomalies échocardiographiques chez les hémodialyses au chu Point G

Introduction : les anomalies cardiovasculaires sont fréquentes et souvent précoces, sévères et masquées chez les patients insuffisants rénaux. Ces complications cardiovasculaires sont le principales causes de mortalités et de morbidité chez les hémodialysés. Le diagnostic de ces anomalies cardiovasculaires par l'échographie cardiaque permet l'individualisation des patients à haut risque cardiovasculaire. L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer les aspects échocardiographiques chez les hémodialyses chroniques dans le service de néphrologie et d'hémodialyse du CHU du point.Méthodes :Il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective du 1er janvier 2011 au 31 décembre 2012 et a concerné les insuffisances rénales chroniques ayant bénéficié d'une épuration extra-rénale depuis 6 mois. Résultats : Au cours de cette étude 83 dossiers étaient retenus. Le sex ratio était de 1,5 en faveur des hommes. L'âge moyen des patients était de 48 ans. L'HTA (59%), le tabac (43,3%) restent les facteurs de risque dominant. La néphropathie vasculaire a été la principale cause d'IRC soit 44,6%.Les anomalies échocardiographiques sont dominées par dysfonction cardiaque(83,2%),la dilatation cavitaire (78,3%), l'HVG (41%), la lésion valvulaire (30,1%), et l'épanchement péricardique (22,9%). Les complications cardiovasculaires étaient (67.%),la cardiomyopathie dilatée (49,7%) et l'HVG(41%). L'évolution était favorable chez 73,5% des patients, la mortalité représentait 8,4% avec complication diverse (18,1%)