ABSTRACT
Approximately 5% of COVID-19 patients will have a severe disease requiring invasive or non-invasive mechanical ventilation. In this conditions, sedatives and analgesics are fundamental to promote tolerance, comfort and synchrony with the mechanical ventilator. High and unusual requirements for sedation, analgesics and neuromuscular blockers have been reported in these patients, contributing to prolonged exposure, a high rate of delirium and prolongation of mechanical ventilation. These factors, added to the progressive shortage of these drugs, a high demand for care and less capacity for personalized attention, have created an adverse scenario for their proper and rational use. This paper proposes different pharmacotherapeutic optimization strategies for a rational management of sedation, analgesia and neuromuscular block in critically ill patients with COVID-19, with the therapeutic alternatives available in Chile.
Subject(s)
Humans , COVID-19 , Analgesia , Respiration, Artificial , Chile , Critical Illness/therapy , SARS-CoV-2 , Hypnotics and SedativesABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Background: During the first pandemic wave, Covid-19 reached Latin America cities. Aim: To report clinical features and outcomes of a group of patients with Covid-19 admitted to a Chilean regional reference Center. Material and Methods: Cases were identified by a compatible clinical picture and a positive PCR or serological test. Clinical features of patients were retrieved from medical records. Results: Forty-seven adult patients (45 diagnosed by PCR, 2 by serology) were admitted between epidemiological weeks 13 to 33, corresponding to 4.4% of total regional cases. Hospitalization occurred at a median of 10 days after onset of symptoms. Fifty one percent of patients had 60 years or more. Hypertension, obesity and diabetes mellitus were present in 57, 45 and 32 % of cases, respectively. Nineteen percent of patients had no comorbid condition nor were elderly. Two cases were women in their second trimester of pregnancy. Positive IgM or IgM/IgG results obtained by rapid serological testing, had limited sensitivity during the first week (67%). Seventeen patients (36.2%) were transferred to an intensive care unit (ICU) due to respiratory failure. Chest imaging demonstrated a classical COVID-19 pattern in 87%. By univariate analysis, admission to ICU was significantly associated with tachypnea and higher CALL (comorbidity, age, lymphocyte count and lactate dehydrogenase) score. Four patients died (rendering a hospital mortality of 8.5%) and length of stay was ≥ 14 days in 46.8% of patients. By univariate analysis, mortality was associated with immunosuppression and ICU admission. Conclusions: In our regional Center, patients admitted with COVID-19 had usual risk factors and had a prolonged stay. Hospital mortality was associated with immunosuppression and ICU admission.
Antecedentes: Durante la primera ola pandémica, COVID-19 llegó a las ciudades de América Latina. Objetivos: Informar las características clínicas y los resultados asociados a COVID-19 en un grupo de pacientes ingresados en un Centro de referencia regional en el sur de Chile. Material y Métodos: Los casos fueron identificados por un cuadro clínico compatible asociado a RT-PCR positiva o prueba serológica. La información clínica de los pacientes se obtuvo de sus fichas. Resultados: Entre las semanas epidemiológicas 13 y 33 ingresaron 47 pacientes adultos (45 diagnosticados por PCR, 2 por serología), lo que representa el 4,4% del total de casos regionales. La hospitalización se produjo con una mediana de 10 días después del inicio de los síntomas. El 51% de los pacientes tenía 60 años o más. La hipertensión arterial (57,4%), la obesidad (44,7%) y la diabetes mellitus 2 (31,9%) fueron prevalentes, pero el 19% no presentaba comorbilidades ni era un adulto mayor. Dos casos ocurrieron en mujeres embarazadas en el segundo trimestre. Los resultados positivos de IgM o IgM / IgG obtenidos mediante pruebas serológicas rápidas tuvieron una sensibilidad limitada durante la primera semana (66,7%). Diecisiete pacientes (36,2%, grupo crítico) fueron trasladados a UCI por insuficiencia respiratoria. Las imágenes de tórax demostraron un patrón COVID-19 clásico en el 87% de los casos. Por análisis univariado, el ingreso en UCI se asoció significativamente con taquipnea y puntuaciones CALL (comorbidity, age, lymphocyte count and lactate dehydrogenase) elevadas. Cuatro pacientes fallecieron (mortalidad hospitalaria 8,5%) y la estadía hospitalaria fue ≥ 14 días en el 47% de los pacientes. Por análisis univariado la mortalidad se asoció a inmunodepresión y al ingreso a UCI. Conclusiones: En nuestro Centro regional, COVID-19 se asoció a factores de riesgo conocidos y tuvo una estadía prolongada. La mortalidad hospitalaria se asoció con inmunosupresión o ingreso a UCI.