Consenso de leucemia mieloide aguda en México / Mexican consensus in acute myeloid leukemia in Mexico

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Abstract Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) comprises a heterogeneous group of hematopoietic cell neoplasms of myeloid lineage that arise from the clonal expansion of their precursors in the bone marrow, interfering with cell differentiation, leading to a syndrome of bone marrow failure. AML is a consequence of genetic and epigenetic changes (point mutations, gene rearrangements, deletions, amplifications, and arrangements in epigenetic changes that influence gene expression) in hematopoietic precursor cells, which create a clone of abnormal cells that are capable of proliferating but cannot differentiate into mature hematopoietic cells or undergo programmed cell death. The diagnosis requires more than 20% myeloid blasts in the bone marrow and certain cytogenic abnormalities. Treatment will depend on age, comorbidities, and cytogenetic risk among the most frequent.

Consenso de hemofilia en México / Mexican Consensus in Haemophilia

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Abstract Hemophilia is a hemorrhagic disorder with a sex-linked inherited pattern, characterized by an inability to amplify coagulation due to a deficiency in coagulation factor VIII (hemophilia A or classic) or factor IX (hemophilia B). Sequencing of the genes involved in hemophilia has provided a description and record of the main mutations, as well as a correlation with the various degrees of severity. Hemorrhagic manifestations are related to levels of circulating factor, mainly affecting the musculoskeletal system and specifically the large joints (knees, ankles and elbows). This document is a review and consensus of the main genetic aspects of hemophilia, from the inheritance pattern to the concept of women carriers, physiopathology and classification of the disorder, the basic and confirmation studies when hemophilia is suspected, the various treatment regimens based on infusion of the deficient coagulation factor as well as innovative factor-free therapies and recommendations for the management of complications associated with treatment (development of inhibitors and/or transfusion transmitted infections) or secondary to articular hemorrhagic events (hemophilic arthropathy). Finally, relevant reviews of clinical and treatment aspects of hemorrhagic pathology charachterized by acquired deficiency of FVIII secondary to neutralized antibodies named acquired hemophilia.

Consenso mexicano de linfoma de Hodgkin / Mexican Consensus on Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Resumen El linfoma de Hodgkin (LH) se debe a la transformación clonal de células originadas en los linfocitos B, lo que genera las células binucleadas patognomónicas de Reed-Sternberg. El LH es una enfermedad de células B con una distribución bimodal, con mayor incidencia en la adolescencia y la tercera década de la vida y un segundo pico en personas mayores de 55 años. Las células del LH clásico habitualmente sufren una reprogramación de la expresión génica, ya que pierden la expresión de la mayoría de los genes típicos de las células B y han adquirido la expresión de múltiples genes que son típicos de otros tipos de células del sistema inmunitario. El algoritmo de tratamiento dependerá si se trata de LH clásico o de predominio linfocítico, si es un estadio temprano con marcadores de pronóstico desfavorables o no, el esquema inicial de manejo y si existe enfermedad voluminosa, entre las variables más relevantes.

Abstract Hodgkin's lymphoma is due to the clonal transformation of cells originating from B lymphocytes, generating the pathognomonic binucleate Reed-Sternberg cells. Hodgkin's lymphoma is a B cell disease with a bimodal distribution, with higher incidence in adolescence and the third decade of life, showing a second peak in people over 55 years of age. Classic Hodgkin lymphoma cells routinely undergo gene expression reprogramming, as they lose the expression of most of the typical B-cell genes and acquire the expression of multiple genes that are typical of other types of cells in the immune system. The treatment algorithm will depend on whether it is classic or predominantly lymphocytic HL, if it is early stage with unfavorable prognostic markers or not, the initial management regimen, and whether there is bulky disease, among the most relevant variables.

Consideraciones terapéuticas en pacientes con leucemia aguda en la era COVID-19 / Therapeutic approach in acute leukemia patients in the COVID-19 era

Resumen La pandemia por enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), causada por el coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2), ha afectado ya a 180 países. Los pacientes con cáncer/inmunosupresión a mayor edad tienen más riesgo de presentar formas graves de la enfermedad. Los pacientes con leucemia aguda son un reto para el manejo durante la pandemia. Las recomendaciones para el manejo de estos pacientes están basadas en opinión de expertos. Se trata de una población en la que hay que realizar de forma sistemática pruebas de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa para SARS-CoV-2 y diferir en la medida de lo posible la quimioterapia citotóxica en los pacientes que resulten positivos. Por otro lado, algunos de los fármacos frecuentemente utilizados como los corticosteroides, el rituximab o la asparaginasa, pueden potencialmente complicar el curso del COVID-19, por lo que se deberá de considerar diferirlos o ajustarlos en poblaciones de mayor riesgo. De la misma forma, tomando en cuenta las particularidades de cada centro, en ciertos casos se podrá considerar dar preferencia a los esquemas de tratamiento ambulatorios que nos permitan además disminuir el requerimiento transfusional. Finalmente, muchos de los pacientes con leucemia aguda son candidatos para recibir trasplante alogénico de células progenitoras hematopoyéticas (aloTCPH). Debe tomarse en cuenta la limitación de los espacios en terapia intensiva, así como el grado de inmunosupresión derivado del trasplante. La recomendación es no diferir los aloTCPH en los pacientes con una mayor riesgo de recaída de la enfermedad. Más adelante conoceremos las consecuencias de las modificaciones en el tratamiento derivadas de la pandemia sobre la leucemia.

Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has already affected 180 countries. Older patients and patients with cancer or immunosuppression are at greater risk of severe forms of the disease. Patients with acute leukemia are challenging to manage during the pandemic. Recommendations for the management of these patients are based on expert opinion. This is a population in which polymerase chain reaction tests for SARS-CoV-2 must be performed routinely and cytotoxic chemotherapy should be deferred as far as possible in positive patients. On the other hand, some of the frequently used drugs such as corticosteroids, rituximab or asparaginase, can potentially complicate the course of COVID-19, so consideration should be given to deferring or adjusting them in higher-risk populations. In the same way, considering the particularities of each center, in certain cases it may be reasonable to give preference to outpatient regimens that also allow us to decrease the transfusion requirement. Finally, many of the patients with acute leukemia are candidates to receive allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT). The limitation of the spaces in intensive care units must be considered, as well as the degree of immunosuppression derived from the transplant. The recommendation is not to defer alloHSCT in patients with an increased risk of relapse. Later, we will learn about the consequences on of the modifications in treatment on leukemia derived from the pandemic.

Linfomas en la era COVID-19 / Lymphoma and COVID-19

Resumen El coronavirus 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2) y su traducción clínica, la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), representan una enfermedad con manifestaciones respiratorias potencialmente fatales. Actualmente existen aproximadamente 12,700,000 personas afectadas por esta virus, el cual ha ocasionado 561,517 muertes en el mundo. Los pacientes con diagnóstico de linfoma, al igual que otros pacientes con cáncer activo, presentan compromiso inmunitario, ya sea por su propia patología o debido al tratamiento que reciben, por lo que son especialmente susceptibles a desarrollar cuadros graves de COVID-19. La transmisión comunitaria del SARS-CoV-2 dificulta el acceso al sistema de salud y, por ende, el seguimiento estricto que requieren lo pacientes bajo tratamiento oncológico. En la etapa en la que nos encontramos actualmente, la transmisión global de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 continúa en ascenso, por lo que un control epidemiológico cercano es poco probable. Ante este contexto, surge la necesidad de establecer guías de tratamiento de pacientes con neoplasias hematológicas.

Abstract The SARS-CoV-2 virus and its clinical translation COVID-19 represent a disease with potentially fatal respiratory manifestations. Currently, there are approximately 12,700,000 people affected by this virus, which has caused 561,517 deaths worldwide. Patients with a diagnosis of lymphoma, like other patients with active cancer, have immune compromise either due to their own pathology or due to the treatment they receive, making them especially susceptible to developing severe cases of COVID-19. The community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 hinders access to the health system and, therefore, the strict monitoring required by patients undergoing cancer treatment. At the stage we are currently in, global transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection continues to rise, making close epidemiological control unlikely. In this context, the need arises to establish guidelines for the treatment of patients with hematological malignancies.

Eficacia del tinidazol en la profilaxis terapéutica de la colitis amebiana en pacientes con leucemia aguda de novo que reciben quimioterapia intensiva / Efficacy of tinidazole in the therapeutic prophylaxis of amoebic colitis in patients with de novo acute leukemia receiving intensive chemotherapy

Resumen Introducción: En México la seroprevalencia de la Entamoeba histolytica es del 8.4%. La amebiasis intestinal en pacientes con leucemia aguda de novo posterior al inicio de quimioterapia (QT), en el Servicio de Hematología del CMN 20 de Noviembre, es del 12%, aún si muestran test coprológico negativo basal. Objetivo: Averiguar si la administración de tinidazol, en pacientes con leucemia aguda y coprológico negativo, al principio de la QT, disminuye la incidencia de colitis amebiana durante la inducción a la remisión. Método: Prospectivo y no comparativo. Enfermos con diagnóstico de leucemia aguda de novo que inician QT de inducción y coprológico inicial. Se indicó tinidazol, 2 g/día durante 5 días en la primera semana de comenzada QT. Se vigilaron hasta que la inducción concluyó y se inició la recuperación hematopoyética. Resultados: 38 pacientes, 15 mujeres y 23 hombres con edad media de 44 años (16-72). Con leucemia aguda linfoblástica 19, con mieloblástica 16 y con promielocítica 3. Casos sin y con amebiasis intestinal, 35 y 3, respectivamente. Los pacientes con amebiasis solo recibieron tinidazol durante 3 días y se dio después de 2 días de empezada la QT. Conclusión: El tinidazol, en pacientes con leucemia aguda de novo que inician QT de inducción, es efectivo en la prevención de la amebiasis intestinal, durante la etapa de inducción, si se administra a 2 g/día, durante cinco días, a partir del día 1 de la QT.

Abstract Introduction: In Mexico, seroprevalence of Entamoeba histolytica is 8.4%. The intestinal amebiasis in patients with acute leukemia of novo, after the start of chemotherapy (CT) in the Hematology Service of the CMN 20 de Noviembre is 12%, even if patients show a negative baseline coprological test. Objective: To find out if the administration of tinidazole, in patients with acute leukemia and negative coprological test, at the beginning of the CT, decreases the incidence of amoebic colitis during the induction to remission. Method: Prospective and not comparative study. Patients with de novo diagnosis of acute leukemia who initiate induction and initial coprological CT. Tinidazole was indicated, 2 g/day for 5 days in the first week of CT started. They were monitored until the induction was concluded and hematopoietic recovery started. Results: 38 patients, 15 women and 23 men with a mean age of 44 years (16-72), with acute lymphoblastic leukemia 19, myeloblastic 16 and promyelocytic 3. Cases without and with intestinal amebiasis were 35 and 3, respectively. Patients with amebiasis only received tinidazole for 3 days and it was given 2 days after the CT started. Conclusion: Tinidazole, in patients with acute de novo leukemia who initiate induction CT, is effective in the prevention of intestinal amebiasis, during the induction stage, if administered at 2 g/day, for five days, starting on day 1 of the CT.