Effectiveness of rhythmic games on social skills of children with attention deficit hyperactive disorder

Background and Objective: Attention deficit hyperactive disorder [ADHD] is commnest psychological disorders in children. This study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of rhythmic games on social skills of children with ADHD

Methods: In this quasi -experimental study with pretest, post test and follow up with control group, 30 boys student with ADHD were non-randomly divided into the two groups. Conners rating scale and social skills checklist were used

Results: Social skills significantly increased in ADHD students and this effectiveness continued in follow up stage [P<0.05]

Conclusion: Play therapy is effective on social skills of children with ADHD

[Studying the psychometric properties of marital attitude scale]

Attitude toward marriage is one of the key mechanisms in anticipating real behavior in marriage and its assessment needs a valid instrument. The aim of this research was to investigate the reliability, validity, and factor structure of Persian version of Marital Attitude Scale [MAS, Brateen and Rosen, 1998]. In this descriptive-scaling research, the study population of this research was the B.A students studying at Isfahan University. The sample was 137 university students [including 51 males and 86 females] selected by stratified sampling. Marital Attitude Scale [MAS] and Marriage Expectation Scale [MES] were the instruments for collecting the data. Data were analyzed by factor analysis, MANOVA and Pearson correlation. The results showed that MAS has high and suitable reliability and validity for assessing university students' attitude toward marriage. The results of factor analysis revealed that MAS is a multidimentional instrument. Attitude toward marriage can be divided into two distinct and yet interrelated factors, attitude toward their marriage and general attitude toward marriage. The general attitude toward marriage includes pessimistic, optimistic and idealistic attitude. Furthermore, comparing the attitude of boys and girls, as a lateral finding, showed girls' attitude toward their marriage and general attitude toward marriage is more negative than boys, and girls have more pessimistic attitude toward marriage. In general, the marital attitude Scale is a reliable and suitable instrument to assess marital Attitudes

[Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields during foetal life on adulthood learning in male rat]

Background and aim: Our environment is exposed to electromagnetic fields by development and industrialization of life. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields [5 and 25 Hz] during fetal life on adulthood learning in male rat

Methods: In this study forty eight Sprague Dawley pregnant rats [150+/-20g] were divided into six groups of eight: control, sham, and 5 or 25Hz and 50 or 500micro T. Duration of exposure was 4 hours per day [continuously from 8 to 12 A.M.] from first day to 15th day of gestation. We evaluated learning, body weight, brain weight, brain volume, brain weight to body weight ratio and brain density of 60 days-old male offsprings. The learning task was performed by shuttle box in the form of one-way active avoidance conditioning. The number of conditioning responses and latency periods was recorded. Data was statistically analyzed by Kruskal-wallis test

Results: Fetal life exposure to ELF EMF [25Hz/50micro T] improved learning, decreased body weight and increased brain weight to body weight ratio in male rat [P<0.05]. Fetal life exposure to 25 Hz/500 micro T, 5 Hz/500 micro T and 5 Hz/50 micro T increased body weight

Conclusion: Fetal life exposure to ELF EMF [25Hz/50micro T] could improve learning in male rats

[Occupational violence in nursing students in Arak, Iran]

Nursing students are often exposed to verbal abuse and/or physical assaults from patients and patients' families during the course of their training. Although, past studies have explored violence against nurses, a little attention has been paid by researchers to workplace violence against nursing students. The aim of this study is to identify and explore influencing factors on workplace violence in nursing students during their training programs. In this descriptive study, 271 nursing students completed a reliable and valid questionnaire. Participants were working in teaching hospital affiliated to Arak University. In total, 74.9% and 7.38% of the respondents stated that they had been verbally abused and physically assaulted during their training program in the previous 12-months period, respectively. Most of physical attacks were happened by patients whereas most verbal abuses by patients' families. There were no statistically significant differences between sex and different years in violence. Nursing students are often exposed to violence during the course of their training programs. Nursing students require training on how to prevent and respond to workplace violence, and this important topic should be incorporated into the nursing students' curriculum

[Opiate department's experiences of the established therapeutic relationship in mthadone centers: qualitative study]

Methadone maintenance therapy is one of the treatment choices for opiate users. Understanding opiate dependants' experiences of their treatment period is important for continuing the treatment with methadone and assessing their experiences may help to revise the standards of methadone centers and thus to improve the quality of treatment. This study aims to describe the structure and essence of opiate dependants' experiences with methadone centers during treatment. It was a qualitative phenomenological approach in which participants were selected from opiate dependants referred to methadone centers in Kerman city in 2007 by applying purposive sampling continued until data saturation and obtaining a sample size of 32 participants. Data were collected by in-depth interviews. Colaize' s Method was applied for data analysis. The rigor of the present study was based on transferability and credibility. In whole, 26 themes were extracted and put into structural components. The structural components were put into topical components including: 1. positive therapeutic alliance 2. Negative therapeutic alliance and 3. Therapeutic alliance requests. These components show the basic structure of participants' experiences of therapeutic relationship in methadone centers. Client - based strategy in methadone clinics, not only leads to a positive therapeutic alliance, but can persuade patients to continue their treatment programs for long time period. Establishing a good relationship with patients in methadone centers during treatment procedure is an effective way to meet the goals of methadone maintenance treatment

[Patients' experience of prayer in hospital]

Prayer is a "spiritual practice which establishes communication with a higher being and is the simple act of turning our mind and our heart to the sacred. It is an act central to the practice of most major world religions, including Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, etc. There is many published literature about religion, spirituality and healing. Although the relationship between prayer and health well established, researchers have much to learn. We still do not know about the prayer and difficulties people have in saying their prayers in hospital. The present study was conducted to explore patients' experiences of prayer in hospitals. Using qualitative method [content analysis], semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposeful sample of 33 patients drawn from hospitals affiliated to Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. The recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim. For data reduction, labeling Patients' experience of prayer in hospital and finding analytical codes, content analysis method were used. Following categories were identified in data analysis: barriers of saying prayer, facilities required for saying prayer, adjustment, outcomes of saying prayer in hospital and facilitating factors for prayer. Findings revealed that patients have problem in saying prayer as their main spiritual need, in hospitals. They unfortunately, do not receive any help in this regard. The study provides some recommendations for promoting the quality and quantity of saying prayer in hospital

Nature and structure of sources of suffering in family caregivers of hospitalized elderly patients

While elderly people enter the hospital in biological crisis, family caregivers enter the hospital in psychological crisis. But professional caregivers haven't adequate knowledge of family caregivers' experiences. Therefore they forget that family caregivers are in suffering equally. Since suffering is a significant concept in nursing science; and knowing and comprehending sources of suffering in family caregivers by professional caregivers is very important, this study is done to describe the nature and structure of sources of suffering in family caregivers of hospitalized elderly patients. This is a qualitative study with phenomenological method. Population of the research is all elderly patients' families that were hospitalized in one of the hospitals of Isfahan University of medical sciences. Sampling method was purposive and continued until data saturation. The numbers of participants are 12. Data were gathered through in-dept interview and data analysis done by [Parse] method that was not used in Iran. The finding of this research is summarized in these core concepts: Patients and therapeutic interventions as source of suffering, hospital as source of suffering, disturbance in family and social life as source of suffering, self neglect as source of suffering. These concepts will be discussed in the full article. Participants' experiences reflect the need for planning interventions such as developing supportive groups, providing facility and instruments and continuous support for family caregivers during hospital stay. Also results show that educational programs are necessary for effective adaptation in family caregivers

Epidural painless delivery: a phenomenology research

Regarding the recent increase in elective cesarean and satisfaction of women and physician, the Iranian government has tried to solve this problem by epidural painless delivery [E.P.D]. Because of opposite views of people and society about epidural, this Study was done to find the real experiences of people. Its aim was description of mother's experiences of epidural painless delivery. This is a qualitative, phenomenological study. We selected 12 pregnant women that under wont epidural painless delivery in Shabihkhani Hospital. We used sampling method of based on object and continued until reaching fullness of information. We used depth interview for collection of information. Data analysis was done via collaizzi seven-stage method. findings of these interviews were classified in 195 codes and 9 themes and 3 main concepts, consisting of choice of painless delivery, nature of painless delivery, the role of human resources and managing system. Mothers' good experience of epidural painless delivery leads to choosing this kind for the next delivery, suggesting it to others and results in decreasing elective cesarean rate

Delegation as experienced by nurse managers

Since it is impossible to carry out organizational activities effectively without trust, managers are recommended to expand trust atmosphere throughout their organizations due to its effect on all human's communication aspects. Delegation of authority leads to the promotion of trust throughout organization and it would be the best tool for managers to prove their trust to their personnel. Therefore, it is the nurse managers' responsibility to have adequate knowledge of delegation and to apply it. Unfortunately, no comprehensive research has been carried out in this field in Iran yet, and there is an informational gap in this field. The goal of this study was to determine the delegation as experienced by nurse mangers. This study was a type of phenomenological qualitative research has been carried out in four selected subordinates of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in March/June 2001. The sample size of this research consisted of 14 managers as the information sources from three different ranks of superior level [matron], mid level [supervisor] and executive level [head nurse]. All participants underwent unstructured interviews as the data collecting technique for this study. The obtained results analyzed using collizie method. Nurse Managers had three forms of experiences on delegation phenomenon that were as the following: Lack of authority for delegation and frustration experiences, delegation in minor affairs and lack of authority with superior's sporadic unessential interference while neither of them was perfectly acquainted with this phenomenon. Managers' experienced benefits were categorized in four dimensions as benefits concerning superiors, subordinates, hospitals and patients. Experienced barriers were barriers pertaining to superiors, subordinates and situation. In order to apply art and skill of delegation much better in nursing management it is necessary not only for all nurse managers to get acquainted with delegation through educational services but also for nursing students as the future nurse managers. Thus, the attitude of delegation can be inserted in nursing management. Obviously a change in the attitude of matrons and superiors seems to be essential in this regard. It also should be mentioned that more qualitative and quantitative researches in this field are needed

Contraception experiences of young women in their first years of marriage

Pregnancy prevention is an important factor in women's life changing in various periods. Selection of contraception method is personally unique and can bridge between their experiences and their unmet needs. The aim of this study was to determine contraception experiences in the first years of marriage. This was a qualitative phenomenological study. The studied population was composed of young women in their first years of marriage [before their first delivery]. The data were collected with in-depth and unstructured interviews and analyzed by Collaizi method. The findings of the study were classified in 75 codes and four categories as following; Impedimental factors, Motivating factors, Exchanging factors, Abandon factors. Young women mentioned their positive and negative experiences of the first years of marriage. Their experiences are useful to promote the quality of services to fulfill their needs.

[Womens' body image during pregnancy]

Pregnancy is a period of time in that significant changes occur in the body image of most of the women. These changes can have a lot of effects on mother's and child's health. Knowing about the experiences of women in this period yields a better understanding of their health conditions. So, it is essential to conduct a qualitative research to analyse their feelings and experiences about their bodies during pregnancy. The aim of this research is describing pregnant women's experiences about their body image. This is a qualitative phenomenological survey. The population studied was composed of pregnant women referring to Enghelab 19, Amirhamzeh and Navabsafavi clinics in Isahan. The sampling was purposeful with 12 subjects. The data were collected during 4 months by in-depth interview methods. The data were analysed by Collaizzi seven stage method. The findings of research were classified in 125 codes and two categories as: 1]. Changes without satisfaction, 2]. Changes with satisfaction. According to the research findings, pregnant women experience various changes in the appearance of their bodies. Attention of health care providers to these changes during pregnancy and providing pregnant women and her relatives with necessary trainingin this period can have significant effects on their mental health

[Contraception experiences of young women in their first years of marriage]

Pregnancy prevention is an important concern in women's life that changes in various periods. Contraception method selection is personally unique and can bridge between their experiences and their unmet needs. The aim of this study is to determine contraception in the first years of marriage. This is a qualitative phenomenological study. The population studied was composed of young women in their first years of marriage [before their first delivery]. The data were collected with in-depth and unstructured interviews and analysed by collaizi method. The findings of the research were classified in 75 codes and four categories as following: 1] Impedimental factors. 2] Motivating factors. 3] Exchanging factors. 4] Abandon factors. Young women mentioned positive and negative experiences in their first years of marriage. Application of their experiences is useful to promote the quality of service to fulfill their needs

[Comparison of self-esteem and coping responses in infertile and fertile couples from Shahrekord, during 2003-2004]

Infertility is an illness in which, women during a years of sexual intercourse and without the use of contraceptive methods, are unable to become pregnant. Self-esteem is a psychological method by which a person assesses oneself. Coping responses are conscious rational ways for dealing with the anxieties of life. Psychological researches in infertile couples showed that infertility is a bio-psychosocial crisis that can create psychological problems in these individuals. Therefore, the aim this study was to compare self-esteem and coping responses in fertile and infertile couples from Shahrekord during 2003-2004. In a cross-sectional study so couples of fertile and so couples of infertile referred to gynecology clinic of Hojar hospital in Shahrekord were selected, randomly, during 6 month period. Questionnaire included Coper Smith self-esteem, Billings and Moos coping responses. Sata were analyzed by t-test and Spearman correlation. The results showed that the average of self-esteem scores in infertile couples [27.3] is less than [32.7] fertile couples [p<0.05]. Also there was no significant difference between infertile and fertile couples on the coping responses [p>0.05]. Psychologic effects of infertility is very important and should be considered intensivery in in fertile couples to decrease the following problems

[Human love or professional knowledge?]

Disease or injury affects not only specific structures and physiological or psychological mechanisms but also integrated human functioning. When integrated functioning is seriously affected, the ability of an individual disturbs permanently or transiently for self-care. Vegetative state is one of severe and periodic states of unconsciousness and complete unawareness of self and surrounding environment. The patient loses his self-care ability and requires a complete compensative care system. The aim of this case report was to describe a successful long-term dependent care of a vegetative patient by family members according to Orem's theory. Qualitative and quantitative data were gathered by interviewing with care givers, observing nursing care and examining the patient. The case was an Iranian 34-year-old injured man in persistent vegetative state for 17 years after an explosion leading to head injury at war. His immediate care giver was his 58-year-old father with primary education. In physical examination, his integumentary, respiratory, and urinaiy systems were normal. Laboratory tests including blood cell counts, urinalysis, urine culture and electrolytes were also normal. Immobility complications [bedsore, contractures..], malnutrition and infections were not found. This study confirms the healing nature of family care that ensures living by love and hope. According to Orem [2001], love is a positive human emotion that moves people beyond their situations. Benevolence as an active part of a perfect love enables nurses [care givers] to unite with their patients and this helps to realize specific life situations and to struggle to solve them. In critical conditions, the family power dominated by human love should be considered more than before by formal providers of care to empower family role. In addition, with respect to the role of human emotions in providing complete and effective care, developing humanistic attitudes and emotions should be of great concern in nursing education because caring needs not only professional knowledge but also human love, emotions and attitude

effect of continuous consultation care model on rehospitalization and chest pain in patients with coronary artery disease

Cardiovascular disease is one of the major causes of mortality in the world and chest pain is the most common symptoms of coronary atherosclerotic lesion or myocardial ischemia. This condition is the origin of readmission for coronary clients. To investigate the effect of the continuous consultation care model on hospitalization [readmission] and chest pain of coronary artery disease clients. This research was a clinical trial study in which the demographic, self report and check list questionnaires were used before and after the intervention in the two groups of experimental and control cases. A total number of 70 cases were equally divided into two groups and the continuous consultation care model was applied to the experimental group for a period of six months. In the same time, the control group was treated based on routine protocol. The results showed that the mean score of the hospitalizations or readmission before the study was 0.51 which decreased to 0.11 following the intervention in experimental group. In the control group, the mean scores were 0.57 and 0.34 before and after the study, respectively. The independent T test showed a significant difference between the two groups [P<0.03]. The mean score of the chest pain [coronary pain] during the study in the experimental and the control groups were 5 and 8 times, respectively. The independent T test and repeated measurements of ANOVA with [P<0.001] also showed a significant difference between experimental and control groups. The continuous consultation care model showed to affect the two variables of chest pain and readmission rates in coronary artery disease clients

Parental attitude of female students on child-parent behavior in Flavarjan

Bringing up the children is the most difficult duty of parents. Most of people however, are not ready to act as parents. This study is a descriptive study in which [AAPI] questionnaire including 32 questions was used. It is based on getting stratified samples and it distributes 400 questionnaires. The whole analyzed data showed that 116 subjects [31%] had scores of [0-64] showing negative attitude, 192 subjects [52%] had scores of [97-160] showing a positive attitude and 63 subjects [17%] had scores of [65-96] showing a neutral attitude. It was also shown that a percent of studied cases had a negative attitude [having a negative attitude to some extend in each field]. The findings regarding all research goals showed that the attitude of not using punishment was 20% negative, 69% positive and 11% neutral. About empathy, it was 40% negative, 41% positive and 22% neutral. Some parents are not aware of parenting skills and furthermore, they don't know the factors of the emotional growth, which are a necessity for a child. The prevention plan should be based on causing an increase in parents' knowledge [or future parents' knowledge] on children's growth and development

[ related factors with lactating mothers' desires for choosing contraceptive method]

Introduction: One of the important factors for contraceptive choice is personal desires. There are various factors affecting mothers' desire in choosing contraceptive method in postpartum period. These factors cause two different mothers in the same conditions not to desire to use the same method. The aims of this research are determining lactating mothers' desires for choosing contraceptive method and the related factors

Methods: This study is a descriptive analytical cross sectional research type. The samples for this study are 384 lactating mothers referring to family planning services for the first time after delivery in Isfahan health centers. The sampling method was convenience and the data were collected with a questionnaire by interview. Descriptive and analytical statistical methods have been used in order to analyze the data in SPSS and EPI soft wares

Results: The findings indicated that the most common desired contraceptive method in lactating mothers was coitus interrupts [27.4%]. Also the following variables are as husbands, number of parity and alive children, age of the latest child, having knowledge of contraceptive methods and marital duration [P<0.05]

Discussion: Lactating mothers desires should be investigated in family planning consultation and the mothers should be obliged to avoid using contraceptive method with high failure rate [coitus interrupts]

survey of cardiovascular risk factors in Babolian rural hypertensives

High blood pressure control [HBPC] is a common goal of WHO and the world hypertension league [WHL]. The two important strategies in HBPC are identifying cardiovascular [CVD] risk factors and planning to modify controllable factors. This study was accomplished to determine the CVD risk factors in high blood pressure [HBP] patients of the rural population, residing in the Babol region, north of Iran, in the year 2000. This study was a cross-sectional research. 150 hypertensive patients were selected by cluster random sampling method. The data were collected with two questionnaires [demographic characters and behavioral habits questionnaire and Eschpel Burger's anxiety record] and laboratory tests. The data analysis has indicated that the rate of most risk factors such as cholesterol level, body mass index, anxiety score and other factors is highly elevated. The results demonstrated that the rates of CVD risk factors were higher in Iranian hypertensive patients compared to other countries. Probably, because of this, the maximum rate of achievement of high blood pressure control was only 18.4%