Measurement of ipsilateral lung and heart dose in radiotherapy of left sided mastectomy patient's in common different clinical techniques: A phantom study

Background: the aim of this study was to compare the radiation dose to ipsilateral lung and heart for different radiotherapy [RT] techniques including; two tangential photon beams, electron therapy and combined photon-electron

Materials and Methods: treatment planning of the mentioned techniques on the CT images of a chest phantom was done using treatment planning system [TiGRT, Lina Tech, China]. According to the plans, the phantom was irradiated with 6 MV photon and 10 MeV electron beams of Siemens Primus linac. Radiation dose was also measured using LiF Thermo Luminescence Dosimeter [TLD] which was placed inside 3 mm depth holes of ipsilateral lung and heart on the phantom

Results: the mean [ +/- SD] radiation dose to the ipsilateral lung of the combined photon-electron was 66.12 +/- 5.16% of prescribed dose. Whereas for the heart, it was 64.05 +/- 2.62%. Mean [ +/- SD] dose of ipsilateral lung and heart for electron irradiation was 54.51 +/- 3.88 % and 34.21 +/- 3.41%, respectively. The mean [ +/- SD] radiation dose to ipsilateral lung and heart of the tangential was 50.73 +/- 3.01 % and 31.36 +/- 3.13%, respectively. The mean [ +/- SD] radiation dose to the chest wall-lung interface for electron therapy [72.44 +/- 2.01 %] was significantly different in comparison with tangential [65.23 +/- 4.20%; p = 0.045] and combined photon-electron [68.14 +/- 3.53 %; p = 0.032]

Conclusion: tangential beams is more suitable for treating mastectomy patients compared to the other techniques such as electron therapy and combined photon-electron, due to lower radiation dose to patient's ipsilateral lung and heart

Meningeal carcinomatosis in bladder transitional cell carcinoma

Meningeal carcinomatosis is a rare event in bladder transitional cell carcinoma. In this report, we present a man with transitional cell carcinoma who developed brain metastasis followed by spinal and leptomeningeal involvement

Renal oncocytoma, benign or malignant?

Introduction: Renal oncocytoma is a benign renal tumor, which is commonly asymptomatic and discovered incidentally with diagnostic imaging. This benign tumor occasionally co-exists with a malignant neoplasm, which may be present within or near the oncocytoma; in addition a few rare cases of renal oncocytoma have simulated a malignant course, showing extension to branches of the renal vein or distant metastasis

Report of the Case: A rare case of renal oncocytoma has been reported in a 56 year- old woman, who referred with distant metastatic disease

[Comparison of obturation density using nickel titanium and stainless steel spreaders by lateral compaction technique]

The density of Gutta-percha is an important factor in canal seal and root canal treatment success. So, the present study intended to compare the effect of Ni-Ti and S-S spreaders on the intracanal Gutta-percha weight. In this experimental study, 40 simulated canals with 40 degree curvature [group 1 and 2] and 40 simulated canals with 10 degree curves [group 3 and 4] were used. Each block was weighted after cleaning and shaping using Flexmaster rotary instruments. Group 1 and 3 blocks were obturated using Ni-Ti spreaders, while group 2 and 4 blocks were obturated using stainless steel spreaders with Gutta-percha. The simulated canals were again weighted and the difference of the two measurements was calculated as the Gutta-percha weight. The results were analyzed using SPSS software and 2-way ANOVA tests. The analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the four experimental groups. In addition, the effect of the canal curvature, spreader type and the interaction of the variables was not statistically significant. The current study showed that different spreader types [Ni-Ti or S-S] do not affect the Gutta-percha weight of the root canal obturation

[Topical effects of glycirrhizic acid on allergic rhinitis in comparison to the beclomethazone treatment]

Drug treatment of Allergic rhinitis is based on anti-histaminic and antiinflammatory drugs. Glycyrrhizic acid is an effective ingredient of liquorice root that has affirmed anti-histaminic and anti-inflammatory natures. The present study has evaluated the clinical efficacy of local glycyrrhizinic acid drop for treatment or reduction of allergic rhinitis. A double blind clinical trial study was preceded on patients with allergic rhinitis that referred to the ENT clinic of Baghiyatallah hospital. The severity of rhinitis symptoms [rhino rhea, Sneeze, pruritus, congestion] were evaluated before and after treatment with either beclomethasone nasal spray [standard] or glycirrhizic acib nasal drop. Also, complications of treatments and rate of recovery were recorded. The rate of allergic rhinitis symptoms including, sever rhinorhea, Sneeze, pruritus and congestion were lowered significantly after consuming of either glycyrrhicinc acid or beclomethasone nasal spray on day 3. While, more reduction of moderate sneeze and congestion was seen prominently in patients who received beclomethasone, but patients with mild symptoms were increased in beclomethasone treated group. This study showed that efficacy of glycyrrhizinc acid nasal drop is closely similar and comparable to the beclomethasone nasal spray in treatment of severe symptoms of allergic rhinitis. So, this drug can be premier for treatment of severe allergic rhinitis, because of more accessibility and less complications than chemical drugs

Comparative study on the effectiveness of coumavec and zinc phosphide in controlling zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in a hyperendemic focus in central Iran

Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis [ZCL] is an increasing health problems in many rural areas of Iran. The aim of this study was to introduce a new alternative rodenticide to control the reservoirs of ZCL, its effect on the vector density and the incidence of the disease in hyperendemic focus of Esfahan County, central Iran. The study was carried out from January 2011 to January 2012. In intervention areas, rodent control operation was conducted using zinc phosphide or Coumavec. Active case findings were done by house-to-house visits once every season during 2011-2012. To evaluate the effect of rodent control operation on the vector density, sand flies were collected twice a month using sticky traps. The reduction rate of rodent holes in intervention areas with Coumavec and zinc phosphide were 48.46% and 58.15% respectively, whereas in control area results showed 6.66 folds intensification. The Incidence of ZCL significantly reduced in the treated areas. Totally, 3200 adult sand flies were collected and identified in the intervention and control areas. In the treated area with zinc phosphide, the density of Phlebotomus papatasi was higher in outdoors in contrast with the treated area by Coumavec which the density of the sand fly was higher in indoors. Both rodenticides were effective on the incidence of ZCL and the population of the reservoirs as well. Coumavec seems to be effective on the outdoor density of the vector. This combination of rodenticide-insecticide could be a suitable alternative for zinc phosphide while bait shyness or behavioral resistance is occurred

Production and purification of anti-rhombomys opimus immunoglobulins

Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis [ZCL] is an increasing public health problem in some endemic regions. Horseradish peroxidase [HRP] conjugated rabbit anti-Rhombomys opimus [R. opimus] Ig is needed for immunoblotting and ELISA tests used to explore the immune response of the rodents against the sand fly saliva. In this study, the production of HRP conjugated rabbit anti-R. opimus Ig was conducted for the first time. Rhombomys opimus Ig was purified from serum by protein G affinity chromatography column and injected into rabbit to produce anti-R. opimus Ig antibody. The titration of antibody against R. opimus Ig in rabbit serum was checked using indirect ELISA. Rabbit anti-R. opimus Ig was purified by Sepharose-4B-R. opimus Ig column. Reactivity of this antibody was assessed by indirect ELISA and was conjugated to HRP by periodate method. Approximately 3.5 mg Ig was purified from 1 ml R. opimus serum using protein G affinity chromatography column. The molecular weight of purified R. opimus Ig was estimated about 150 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Nearly 2.3 mg rabbit anti-R. opimus Ig was purified from 1 ml immunized rabbit serum. The purified antibody was conjugated to HRP and the optimum titer of HRP conjugated rabbit anti-R. opimus Ig was determined as 1:8000 using direct ELISA. HRP conjugated rabbit anti-Gerbil IgG has been produced by a few companies, but to our knowledge HRP conjugated rabbit anti-R. opimus Ig is not commercially available. Production of HRP conjugated rabbit anti-R. opimus Ig is considerably helpful for immunological studies of R. opimus, the main reservoir host of ZCL in Iran as well as some other countries

Celiac disease complicated by squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx: a case report

Celiac disease is a gluten-related malabsorption in the small intestine that occurs in genetically susceptible patients. In this disease the risk of many malignancies is increased, of which the most important is non- Hodgkin lymphoma of the small intestine. Other malignancies include adenocarcinoma of the small intestine and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. To the best of our knowledge, thus far only one case of celiac disease associated with hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma has been reported. Herein, we present the case of a patient with celiac disease diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx. She underwent chemo- and radiation therapy treatments, Unfortunately, she died because of disease progression. In patients with celiac disease we should pay attention to the possibility of various malignancies. When cancer patients have malabsorption we must consider die possibility of celiac disease involvement

Metallothionein induction in two species of pseudomonas exposed to cadmium and copper contamination

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of cadmium [2] and copper [2] salts concentrations on uptake, tolerance, growth pattern and metallothionein induction as a biomarker by two bacterial strains including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida PTCC 1694. For this purpose, the minimum inhibition concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, growth and uptake patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida were determined in culture media with 0.09-10mM/L of Cd and Cu salts in pH7 +/- 0.2= at 30 +/- 2 Degree C. Growth rate and amount of metal uptake were determined by spectrophotometer and atomic absorption assay every 24 hours for 14 to 23 days. Biosorption of the heavy metals on the bacterial cell wall surfaces after preparation were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy [SEM] equipped with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy [EDS]. Metallothionein production was evaluated by silver saturation methods. The results showed that the growth was directly inhibited at the concentration of 1.5 mM/L Cd[2] and 9 mM/L Cu[2] for P. aeruginosa and 0.95 mM/L Cd[2] and 7.5 mM/L Cu[2] for P. putida. Results of the growth pattern showed that the log phase for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida lasted 48 and 121 hours, 217 and 121 in presence of cadmium and copper, respectively. The stationary phase was very short and very soon after log phase, the microorganisms went into death phase. The maximum biosorption of metal from cultures of two strains was 36.6% and 28% of cadmium and 80% and 47% of copper of final concentration. The result of elemental analysis with SEM-EDS approved surface adsorption of cadmium and copper. Since the exact number of Ag-binding sites per metallothionein molecules is unknown for Pseudomonas putida, results were expressed as nanomoles of Agbinding site per gram of wet weight as equal to 0.0033 and 0.0031

Endoparasites of rodents and their zoonotic importance in Germi, Dashte-Mogan, Ardabil province, Iran

In order to verify the infectivity of rodents with endoparasites in Germi [Dashte-Mogan, Ardabil Province] the current study was undertaken. Using live traps, 177 rodents were trapped during 2005-2007. in field laboratory, all rodents were bled prior to autopsy, frozen at -20[degree sign] C, and shipped to the School of public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. In parasitological laboratory, every rodent was dissected and its different organs were examined for the presence of any parasite. Blood thick and thin smears as well as impression smears of liver and spleen were stained with Geimsa and examined microscopically. Two species of rodents were trapped; Meriones persicus [90.4%] and Microtus socialis [9.6%]. The species of parasites found in M. persicus and their prevalences were as follows: Hymenolepis diminuta [38.8%], Hymenolepis nana [2.5%], Trichuris sp. [40.6], Mesocestoides larva [=tetraptrathyridium] [3.1%], Capillaria hepatica [6.9%], Moniliformis moniliformis [11.3%], Syphacia obvelata [2.5%], Taenia endothoracicus larva [0.6%], Physaloptera sp. [0.6%], Dentostomella translucida [0.6%, Heligmosomum mixtum [0.6%], Strobilocercus fasciolaris [0.6%], and Aspiculuris tetraptera [11.8%]. There were no statistical differences between male and female for infectivity with parasites in either M. persicus or M. socialis. No blood or tissue protozoan parasite was found in any of the rodents examined. Among different species identified, some had zoonotic importance. Therefore, the potential health hazard of these species needs to be considered to prevent infectivity of humans

Sand fly surveillance within an emerging epidemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran

Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major has become a hot topic in Iran. The objective of this study was to determine some ecological aspects of sand flies in the study area. Sand flies were collected biweekly from indoors and outdoors fixed places in the selected villages, using 30 sticky paper traps from the beginning to the end of the active season of 2006 in Kerman Province, south of Iran. The flies were mounted and identified. Some blood fed and gravid female sand flies of rodent burrows and indoors were dissected and examined microscopically for natural promastigote infection of Leishmania parasite during August to September. In total, 2439 specimens comprising 8 species [3 Phlebotomus and 5 Sergentomyia] were identified. The most common sand fly was P. papatasi and represented 87.1% of sand flies from indoors and 57.2% from outdoors. The activity of the species extended from April to end October. There are two peaks in the density curve of this species, one in June and the second in August. Natural promastigote infection was found in P. papatasi [12.7%]. Phlebotomus papatasi is considered as a probable vector among gerbils and to humans with a high percentage of promastigote infection in this new focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis. The Bahraman area which until recently was unknown as an endemic area seems now to represent a focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission in Iran

Molecular epizootiology of rodent leishmaniasis in a hyperendemic area of Iran

Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis [ZCL] is an expanding disease and public health problem in Iran. In the current study, natural Leishmania infection rate and seasonal fluctuation of the infection in Rhombomys opimus population of a hyperendemic focus of ZCL in Iran was investigated. The study was conducted from October 2006 to October 2008 in Esfahan Province, central part of Iran. An extensive sampling of rodents using Sherman traps was done in different seasons. Nested PCR assay was used for detection and identification of Leishmania species and the results were confirmed using PCR-RFLP. Leishmania infection rate was 58.6% [34 of 58] using nested PCR. 44.8% of the gerbils were infected only with L. turanica and 1.7% with L. gerbilli alone. A mixed natural infection with L. major and L. turanica was seen in 12.1% of the rodents. L. major infection alone was not seen in R. opimus population in the study area. The highest and lowest Leishmania infection rates were observed in fall and spring respectively. L. turanica infection was observed throughout the year whereas mixed infections with L. major and L. turanica was not seen in spring. It is concluded that in the study area, L. major, L. gerbilli and L. turanica circulate in the population of R. opimus. Leishmania major infection usually accompanied by L. turanica in naturally infected gerbils with the highest rate in fall. It is recommended that the role of L. turanica in the epidemiology and transmission of ZCL be revisited

[Identification of total and fecal coliforms and heterotrophic to Microbiological method and E.Coli O157:H7 to immunological, and real time PCR methods in Isfahan water treatment plant]

Total and Fecal coliforms [TC and FC], heterotrophic plate count [HPC], were counted by microbiological method and E.coli O157:H7 were detected through immunological and Real time PCR methods in water intake and all of units of Isfahan water treatment plant [IWTP]. The microbial profile including TC, FC, and HPC, were monitored and turbidity and total organic carbon were analyzed in 8 locations of water intake, and unit operation and processes of IWTP, including, inlet, sedimentation, ozonation, and filtration and finished water. Immunological method through anti-serum kits and molecular method of RT-PCR were used to detect E.coli O157:H7 in the 8 locations and also the sludge of the sedimentation basin and filters backwash water of IWTP. Survival of E.coli O157:H7 in sludge sample of sedimentation basin was indicated by formation of agglutination particles in immunological method and through indicator probes in the RT-PCR method. However, E.coli O157:H7 was not detected in water samples of other units of IWTP. The removal percent of TC, FC, and HPC were: 59.5, 49, and 54.8% in sedimentation basin; 66, 45.8, and 57% in ozonation;: 98.8, 98, and 78.8 in the filtration; and 96, 100, 91% in disinfection, respectively. This study approved the existence of the pathogenic coliform, E.coli O157:H7 in the sludge of sedimentation basin. Absent of E.coli O157:H7 in the finished water indicates that the existing units of IWTP could eliminate these pathogenic bacteria, before reaching the final units of the plant, including the filters and disinfection

Association of breast artery calcification with coronary artery disease and carotid intima-media thickness in premenopausal women

This study investigated whether breast arterial calcification [BAC] has an association with coronary artery diseases [CAD] in young premenopausal women and evaluated the association of BAC with carotid intima-media thickness and standard CAD risk factors. Among 84 premenopausal women aged < 55 years who were referred for coronary angiography, 34 [40.5%] had abnormal angiographic findings and 6 [7.1%] showed BAC in their mammograms. The body mass index of patients with BAC was significantly higher than those without BAC. BAC had no significant association with angiography-confirmed CAD

Ectoparasites of rodents captured in Bandar Abbas, Southern Iran

Rodents play important role as hot of ectoparasites and reservoir of different zoonotic diseases. The aim of this study was to asses the infestation of commensal rodents with ectoparasites in Bandar Abbas, a port city located in the northern part of the Persian Gulf in Iran. Rodents were captured using live traps during the study period in year 2007. after transferring the rodents to the laboratory, they were identified and then their ectoparasites were collected and mounted for species identification using appropriate systematic keys. A total of 77 rodents were identified including Rattus norvegicus [74%], R. rattus [16.9%], Mus musculus [7.8%] and one hamster. Among all rodents, 40.3% were found infested with ectoparasites. A total of 6 ectoparasites were collected comprising flea, lice, mite and tick. Two species fleas; Xenopsylaa cheopis and X. astia were identified with higher index of X. astia. Two genera of ticks including Hyalomma sp. And Rhipicephalus sp. Were identified. Laelaps nuttalli was the only mite found. The Polyplax spinulosa was considered as lice ectoparasite. Among all arthropods collected, flea and lice had the most and the least frequency, respectively. Nearly all rodent species were infested with Xenopsylla. These fleas are important due to their role in plague and murine ty-phus transmission. Ticks are important due to their role in CCHF [Crimean-Cong Hemorrhagic Fever], theileriosis, babesiosis, anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis transmission. Monitoring of ectoparaiste infestation is important for preparedness and early warning preparation for possible control of arthropod-borne diseases

Whatman paper [FTA Cards] for storing and transferring Leishmania DNA for PCR examination

Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis [CL] is often made based on clinical manifestation. Correct diagnosis and identification of the parasite are crucial for choosing the effective treatment and for epidemiological studies. On the other hand, determination of Leishmania species is necessary for designing appropriate control programs. Diagnosis by PCR is becoming a [gold standard]. For PCR preparation, storage and shipments of specimens are necessary. In this study, Whatman filter paper [FTA Card] was used to store and transfer samples for Leishmania identification using PCR. Among the patients who had CL lesion and referred to Parasitology Laboratory of Emam Reza Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, 44 consented cases with positive results in their direct smear were selected. An informed consent form and a questionnaire were completed and three different types of samples [direct smear, NNN culture, and spot on FTA card] were collected. DNA extraction and PCR were carried out on three different samples from each patient. PCR results using Whatman paper samples revealed a significant difference [P<0.0001] compared to the culture method but no significant difference was seen between PCR results using samples stored on Whatman paper and direct smears. The use of FTA cards is simple, rapid, and cost-effective, and can be readily employed for large-scale population screening, especially for regions where the specimens are to be transported from distant places to the laboratory

Effect of Allicin of garlic on production nitric oxide of macrophage to Candida albicans

Garlic is an herbal plant having various compounds. one of the most important of which is allicin with antibiotic property. Candida Albicans is opportunistic yeast which in case of immune system dysfunction is considered as a pathogenic agent. Immune mechanisms against this fungus are Macrophages which act with oxidative and non-oxidative fungicide mechanisms. Oxidative mechanism includes active oxygen and nitrogen mediators which are produced by active macrophages and thereby the microorganisms are eliminated. The aim of this study was to investigate Allicin effects on the increase activites macrophage to product of Nitric Oxide It is examined in this study the effect of garlic allicin on macrophages' activity in releasing Nitric oxide against Candida Albicans. Garlic allicin was prepared by the method of chloroformic extract, and then made to react with macrophages from male mouse Balb/c with 2-8 week of age in vitro. Candida Albicans was divided into two groups: with and without allicin. Both cases compared as positive and negative samples, the rate of macrophages' activity was determined through production of Nitric Oxide. After examining the rate of Nitric Oxide produced by macrophages, results showed that allicin as a natural material activates immune system against this fungus, so that macrophages with allicin can produce more Nitric Oxide than the group without allicin. This was obtained by comparing the results from these two groups and the control group. Regarding the important role of Candida Albicans in Candidiasis and applying the preventing agents by this fungus in suppressing the macrophages' activities in producing Nitric Oxide, and also by studying related literatures, we concluded that allicin extracted from garlic can affect greatly on the macrophages' activities in producing Nitric Oxide against agents of Candidiasis disease

Tellurite resistance and reduction during aerobic and anaerobic growth of bacteria isolated from sarcheshme copper mine

Tellurium compounds can be found in high concentrations in land and water near sites of waste discharge of industrial manufacturing processes and anodic sludge of copper mine. Potassium tellurite [K2TeO3] is toxic to many microorganisms at concentrations >1mg/mL. In this research, some species of facultative anaerobic bacteria [Bacillus sp.] were isolated from Sarcheshme copper mine[Kerman, Iran] which demonstrated high-level-resistance to tellurite and accumulation of metallic tellurium crystals. High-level-resistance was observed for Bacilli and cocci grown with certain organic carbon sources, implying that tellurite reduction is not essential to confer tellurite resistance. Level of adsorption was determined by inductively coupled plasma and spectrophotometer [Diethyldithiocarbamate method]. The level of tellurite concentration in the bacteria cell and the formation of tellurium nanocrystals were illuminated by transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope. The Te[0] crystals occur internally and each microorganism forms a distinctly different structure [for example Bacillus selenitreducens make tellurium nano rod]. In this study it was found that microorganism can grow 3.in 1500mg/L-2000mg/L and higher tellurite concentrations. The use of microorganisms to generate Te nanomaterials may be an alternative for bench-scale syntheses. Additionally, they may also generate products with unique properties unattainable by conventional physical/chemical methods. This study is important because native bacteria from Sarcheshme [Kerman, Iran] that may show high-level-resistance to tellurite, were isolated

Study on ectoparasites of rhombomys opimus, the main reservoir of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in endemic foci in Iran

Ectoparasites of mammalian hosts play an important role for transmission of diseases from the host reservoirs to human. The aim of this study was to determine the species composition and infestation parameters for parasitic arthropods associated with Rhombomys opimus. Ectoparasites of R. opimus were collected from seven endemic district of ZCL in Iran including Shirvan and Sfaraysen in North Khorasan Province, Kalaleh in Golestan Province, Damghan and Shahrood in Semnan Province, and Badrood and Habibabad in Isfahan Province. The areas of study were mainly desert and plain. Rodents were captured using Sherman life traps during active seasons from May to November 2008. Captured rodents were transported to laboratory and their ectoparasites were picked up using brushing against the fur of the rodents. Ectoparasites were stored in 70% ethanol for their preservation and then identified based on morphological characters. Ectoparasites belonged to one flea species of Xenopsylla nuttalli and one mite species of Ornithonussus bacoti. The flea species with 75.3% was more common than the mite. O. bacoti might play an important role in transmission of rat mite dermatitis among R. opimus colony. Results will provide an essential clue for combating zoonotic diseases in the region

Isolation and characterization of crude oil degrading bacillus spp.

Today, application of microorganisms for removing crude oil pollution from contaminated sites as bioremediation studies, was considered by scientists because other methods such as surfactant washing and incineration lead to production of more toxic compounds and they are non-economic. Fifteen crude oil degrading bacillus spp. were isolated from contaminated sites. Two isolated showed best growth in liquid media with 1-3% [v/v] crude oil and mineral salt medium, then studied for enzymatic activities on tested media. The results showed maximal increase in optical densities and total viable count concomitant with decrease in pH on fifth day of experimental period for bacillus S6. Typical generation time on mineral salt with 1% crude oil is varying between 18-20h, 25-26h respectively for bacillus S6 and S35. Total protein was monitored at determined time intervals as biodegradation indices. Increasing of protein concentration during the incubation period reveals that isolated bacillus can degrade crude oil and increase microbial biomass. These bacillus spp. reduced surface tension from 60 [mN/m] to 31 and 38 [mN/m], It means that these bacillus spp. can produce sufficient surfactant and have good potential of emulsification capacity. The results demonstrated that these bacillus spp. can utilize crude oil as a carbon and energy source