Susceptibility of giardia lambia to newly introduced synthetic compounds in experimentally infected animals

Therapeutic strategy has included diverse pharmaceutical agents of traditional use such as metronidazole, quinacrine, furazolidone and paramomycin, other drugs of more recent introduction, such as albendazole and nitazoxanide, have also been applied as clinical practice. Of these e.g. metronidazole may be considered the most representative anti-giardial agents of traditional and recent use. However, evidence points to an increasing frequency of cases refractory to treatment with these drugs, the causes of which include non-compliance to treatment and emergence of drug resistant Giardia. The aim of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic effect of four new compounds, 3- / [[2E]-3-[dimethylamino] Prop-2-enoyl/ ] -5, 6-diphenyl- 1, 2, 4-triazin-3 [2H]-one [T1] 3-/ [[2E]-3-[dimethylamino] prop2-enoyl]-2H-chromen-2-one [C1] and 3-[Hexa-2, 4 dienoyl]- 4 hydroxy-1-methyl quinolin-2 [1H]-one [Q1] and N, N-Bis / [2,4-dioxo-1-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrhydroquinol-3y1] methy1/ ] benzidine [Q2] on the infection with Giardia lamblia. Treatment of Giardiasis 2 weeks post-infection with compound T1, C1, orally administered gave a very highly significant reduction in the number of cysts/gm stool were the percentage reduction rate reported for compound T1 given in a dose of [100 and 60 mg/kg] was 94.3% and 83.8%] respectively. However groups treated with compound C1 given in a dose of [100mg/kg and 60mg/kg] resulted 96.2% and 89.1%. When Q1 and Q2, were administered orally a significant reduction in the number of cysts/gm stool was noticed. Percent reduction reported for compound Q1 given in a dose [80 and 60mg/kg] was 89.6% and 72.6% respectively. Representing a highly significant reduction in number of cysts/ gm stool. Where in the compound Q2 percent reduction of cysts/ gm stool was 80.35%, 68.9% stool. The effect of compounds T1, C1, Q1, Q2 on the vegetative [Trophozoite] forms in the small intestine of sacrificed hamsters was studied. Compound T1 orally administered in a dose [100 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg] gave a highly significant reduction in the number of trophozoites [96.7% and 91.7%]. However compound C1 resulted to a significant reduction in the number of trophozoites [75.2% and 60.2%]. It was found that in treatment with compound Q1 and Q2 [80mg/kg and 60mg/ kg] the former was much more efficient than the later i.e there is a highly significant difference [94.5%, 96.7%] in case of Q1, Q2 at a dose of 80mg/kg, where as groups treated with 60mg/ kg of Q1 and Q2 showed much less reduction in the number of trophozoites. The curative effect of these compounds almost ranks with metronidazole. Histopathological examination, revealed a profound effect on the structure and function of the intestinal mucosa, villous shortening and a trophy, hypercellularity of the lamina propria due to increase in the number of mononuclear, polymorphonuclear and eosinophilic cells with diffuse loss of brush border microvillus surface area

Predictive value of cardiac troponin-T and C-reactive protein in hemodialysis patients

Accelerated atherosclerosis is associated with hemodialysis, and more than one half of death in dialysis patients is of cardiovascular etiology. The correlation between serum levels of cardiac troponin-T [cTn-T] and C-reactive protein [CRP], as predictors of cardiac damage and mortality, as well as relationship with some other biochemical parameters were analyzed in hemodialysis patients. The study included 45 chronic renal failure [CRF] patients on regular hemodialysis [HD]. Patients are classified into three groups according to serum levels of cTn-T and CRP; Group I [n = 14], patients with level of cTn-T < 0.1 ng/ml and CRP <10 ng/ml [negative cTn-T and CRP]; Group II [n = 11], patients with level of cTn-T >/= 0.1 ng/ml and CRP >/= 10 ng/ml [positive cTn-T and CRP] and Group III [n = 20], patients with only positive cTn-T or positive CRP. A group of 15 healthy age matched subjects was included for comparison [Group IV]. Moreover, Patients are classified into two groups according to survival [n=35] and non-survival [n=10]. Sera of all subjects were analyzed for cTn-T, CRP, malondialdehyde [MDA], blood urea nitrogen [BUN], creatinine, albumin, hemoglobin [Hb], fibrinogen, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerols. In comparison to control group, cTn-T level was highly significant increase [p<0.001] in all patient groups. While, CRP level showed a highly significant increase [p<0.001] in group II, significant increase [p<0.05] in group III and non significant difference in group I. All other estimated parameters were significantly changed in all studied groups except total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol. Comparing the results obtained between survivors and non-survivors groups showed a significant difference in the levels of cTn-T, CRP, MDA, BUN, Albumin and fibrinogen. Correlation analyses showed a significant positive correlation between cTn-T and CRP, MDA and fibrinogen and between CRP and MDA, fibrinogen and triacylglycerols in survivors and non-survivors groups. In conclusion, the main finding of the current study was that, the elevated levels of cTn-T and CRP and its correlation may be used as useful risk markers in hemodialysis patients without myocardial infarction

Evaluation of adiponectin as a risk factor in cardiovascular diseases

Cardiovascular disease [CVD] represents one of the worldwide major problems with increasing deaths every year. Diseases like diabetes, hypertension, chronic renal failure and other environmental and genetic factors can compromise the CVD patients. Clinically, the screening and monitoring of CVD requires several biochemical parameters as well as medical ones. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assay the usefulness of adiponectin as a risk factor in CVD. Adiponectin is synthesized and secreted by the adipose tissue and it was supposed to have anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperlipidemic activity making it a promising risk factor in CVD patients. Here, we examined the associations between plasma levels of adiponectin and body mass index, fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglycerides and hypertension. Forty-three individuals from Ain Shams Specialized Hospital were classified into three groups according to their medical coronary implications, AMI, UAP and SAP, in addition to 15 healthy subjects as a control group. The results indicate a high significant decrease [p < 0.001] in the plasma levels of adiponectin in AMI and UAP compared to the control group. In addition, we found that at AMI, UAP and SAP patients there is a high significant negative correlation between adiponectin and BMI, FBS, total cholesterol, triglycerides and the major cardiac risk factor cTn-T. Also high significant positive correlation with HDL-cholesterol was observed. Therefore, we assume that adiponectin can be a promising risk factor other than the well-known traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease patients and it can represent a good way to screen CVD through monitoring and assaying its plasma level

Ictal and interictal Tc-99M HM-PAO brain perfusion spect in medically intractable epilepsy: Addition of substraction technique

Twenty-one patients [15 males and 6 females] aged 23.7 +/- 6.9 years were presented with partial [focal] seizures intractable to medical therapy and candidates for surgery. All of them were subjected to brain perfusion SPECT using Tc-99 HM-PAO [10.6 MBq/kg body weight/study], in addition to MRI and EEG. SPECT were performed in the ictal [under inpatient video-EEG long term monitoring], interictal and both phases in 5, 9 and 7 patients, respectively. The results showed that all the above cases exhibited successful postoperative outcome of the partial seizures according to Engels' scale. In correlation with MRI, neurophysiologic, and/or surgical localization, and/or surgical outcome, accurate localization of the epileptogenic focus was proved in all the seven cases [100%] with dual-phase and subtraction study. This successful localization was revealed in four cases each in the groups of the ictal [90%] and interictal [44%] studies, respectively. In conclusion, the dual-phase Tc-99m HM-PAO brain perfusion SPECT [ictal and interictal] with subsequent subtraction technique may be more accurate than either study alone for localization of epileptogenic focus in medically intractable epilepsy, particularly in cases with negative MRI

Reactions with hydrazonoyl halides, XVIII: synthesis of pyrolidino [3,4-c] pyrazole, pyrazolo [3,4-d] pyridazine, imidazo [1,2-a] pyrimidine, pyrasolo [3,4-d] pyrimidine and other heterocyclic derivatives

A synthesis of 1,4-benzothiazine, 1,4-benzoxazine, 1,4-quinoxaline, imidazo[1,2-a] pyridine, imidazol [1,2-a] pyrimidine and pyrazole derivatives was accomplished from the reaction of hydrazonoyl bromide I with 2-aminothiophenol, 2-aminophenol, 1,2-phenylenediamine, 2- aminopyridine, 2-aminopyrimidine and some active methylene. Also, compound 1 reacted with some dipolorophile to give pyrazolines and pyrrolidino [3,4-c] pyrazolines. All structures were elucidated on the basis of elemental analyses and spectral data