Amoxicillin–clavulanic acid induced sperm abnormalities and histopathological changes in mice

Objective To explore the genotoxic potential and histopathological changes induced in liver, kidney, testis, brain and heart after using the antibiotic drug amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (4:1). Methods The study included chromosomal aberration analysis in bone-marrow and mouse spermatocytes, induction of sperm morphological abnormalities and histopathological changes in different body organs. The drug was administrated orally at a dose of 81 mg/kg body weight twice daily (Total = 162 mg/kg/day) for various periods of time equivalent to 625 mg/men (twice daily). Results The results revealed non-significant chromosomal aberrations induced after treatment with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AC) in both bone marrow and mouse spermatocytes after 7 and 10 days treatment. On the other hand, statistically significant percentages of sperm morphological abnormalities were recorded. Such percentage reached 8.10 ± 0.55, 9.86 ± 0.63 and 12.12 ± 0.58 at the three time intervals tested (7, 14 and 35 days after the 1st treatment respectively) (treatment performed for 5 successive days) compared with 2.78 ± 0.48 for the control. The results also revealed histopathological changes in different body organs after AC treatment which increased with the prolongation of the period of therapy. Congestion of central vain, liver hemorrhage and hydropic changes in hepatocytes were noticed in the liver. Degenerative changes were found in kidney glomerulus and tubules while testis showed atrophy of seminiferous tubules, and reduction of spermatogenesis. AC also induced neurotoxicity and altered brain neurotransmitter levels. Hemorrhage in the myocardium, disruption of cardiac muscle fibers and pyknotic nuclei in cardiomyocytes were recorded as side effects of AC in heart tissue. Conclusions The results concluded that AC treatment induced sperm morphological abnormalities and histopathological changes in different body organs. Clinicians must be aware of such results while describing the drug.

Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid induced sperm abnormalities and histopathological changes in mice

Objective:To explore the genotoxic potential and histopathological changes induced in liver,kidney,testis,brain and heart after using the antibiotic drug amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (4∶1).Methods:The study included chromosomal aberration analysis in bone-marrow and mouse spermatocytes,induction of sperm morphological abnormalities and histopathological changes in different body organs.The drug was administrated orally at a dose of 81 mg/kg body weight twice daily (Total =162 mg/kg/day) for various periods of time equivalent to 625 mg/men (twice daily).Results:The results revealed non-significant chromosomal aberrations induced after treatment with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AC) in both bone marrow and mouse spermatocytes after 7 and 10 days treatment.On the other hand,statistically significant percentages of sperm morphological abnormalities were recorded.Such percentage reached 8.10 ± 0.55,9.86 ± 0.63 and 12.12 ± 0.58 at the three time intervals tested (7,14and 35 days after the 1st treatment respectively) (treatment performed for 5 successive days) compared with 2.78 ± 0.48 for the control.The results also revealed histopathological changes in different body organs after AC treatment which increased with the prolongation of the period of therapy.Congestion of central vain,liver hemorrhage and hydropic changes in hepatocytes were noticed in the liver.Degenerative changes were found in kidney glomerulus and tubules while testis showed atrophy of seminiferous tubules,and reduction of spermatogenesis.AC also induced neurotoxicity and altered brain neurotransmitter levels.Hemorrhage in the myocardium,disruption of cardiac muscle fibers and pyknotic nuclei in cardiomyocytes were recorded as side effects of AC in heart tissue.Contusions:The results concluded that AC treatment induced sperm morphological abnormalities and histopathological changes in different body organs.Clinicians must be aware of such results while describing the drug.

Health-care professionals' perceptions and expectations of pharmacists' role in the emergency department, United Arab Emirates

The objective of this study was to assess health-care professionals' attitudes and perceptions towards the value of certain pharmacist functions in the emergency department [ED]. The study was conducted among 396 physicians, nurses and other professionals in 4 government hospitals and 10 private hospitals in Dubai. While 83.6% of respondents reported that pharmacy services were available in the ED only 30.7% had a permanent clinical pharmacist working there. A majority [75.7%] agreed that the availability of clinical pharmacists in the ED would improve quality of care. On the role of clinical pharmacists in the medication review process, 45.0% of respondents favoured the review of only high-risk medication orders in the ED. The study found favourable views towards a role for clinical pharmacists in the ED for assuring appropriate medicine prescribing and administration, monitoring patient adherence, providing drug information consultation and monitoring patient responses and treatment outcome.

Thermic Effect of Food, Macronutrient Oxidation Rate and Satiety of High-fat Meals with Butter and Sesame Oil on Healthy Adults / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to measure and investigate the acute effects of two fatty meals (high-SFA & high-PUFA) on post-prandial thermic effect, substrate oxidation, and satiety. Eight healthy adults (four males and four females) aged 19-22 years were assigned to consume two isocaloric meals: high in saturated fatty acids from butter and high in polyunsaturated fatty acids from sesame oil. Indirect calorimetry was used to measure resting energy expenditure (REE), post-prandial energy expenditure for five hours, and substrate oxidation. Satiety of the subjects after meals was estimated by using visual analogue scales (VAS). Five hours thermic effect of food (TEF) was not significantly different between butter meal (6.5% of energy intake) and sesame oil meal (7.3% of energy intake), but, the TEF of butter meal reached the peak point at 150 min and decreased more rapidly arriving to REE in 270 min. On the other hand, TEF of sesame oil meal reached the peak at 90 min and decreased slower than butter meal (still higher than REE at 300 min). No significant differences in substrate oxidation rates were found between the two meals. Post-prandial fat oxidation rates increased significantly after the consumption of both butter and sesame oil meal than that of the pre-prandial state. Satiety values (hunger, fullness, and appetite) were similar among the meals, but recovery of hunger and fullness to the pre-prandial state was faster in butter meal than that of the sesame oil meal.

pathogenic role of different blastocystis hominis genotypes isolated from patients with irritable bowel syndrome

The pathogenic role of Blastocystis hominis is still regarded by some as controversial. Studies have been in progress for years to evaluate the role of blastocystosis in irritable bowel syndrome [IBS] and demonstrated that faecal carriage of B. hominis was frequent in these patients. This study attempted to distinguish different genotypes of B. hominis isolates obtained from patients with IBS and to evaluate their pathogenic potentials. One hundred subjects [51 patients with IBS and 49 asymptomatic infected subjects] harbouring B. hominis were investigated by a direct smear examination and in vitro culture of stool samples followed by genotyping of B. hominis by PCR using STS primers. Sigmoidoscopy was done in all subjects and biopsies were taken and subjected to histopathologic examination. Genotyping proved that only four genotypes of B. hominis were identified. In patients with IBS, genotypes III, I, and IV were detected [28, 15 and 14 isolates, respectively]. On the other hand, genotypes III, IV, and II were identified in asymptomatic infected individuals [21, 19 and 13 isolates, respectively]. The degrees of chronic inflammatory changes in sigmoidoscopic biopsies caused by B. hominis genotypes among IBS patients revealed that severe inflammation was present mainly in patients harboring genotype I isolates [4/15] [26.66%], while genotype III caused severe inflammation only in 9.09%. Genotype II isolates were not detected in IBS cases. Asymptomatic infected individuals harboring genotypes II, III and IV exhibited mild to moderate inflammatory changes. Genotype I isolates were not detected in asymptomatic infected group. The correlation between different B. hominis genotypes and degree of inflammation was statistically insignificant. Genotype I was the most pathogenic genotype of B. hominis isolates in patients with IBS while genotype II was not detected among those patients. Also, our results suggest the presence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains among genotypes III and IV

Evaluation of cystatin capture ELISA and sodium metaperiodate antigen treated ELISA in diagnosis of toxoplasmosis

ELISA has become the mainstay for clinical serologic evaluation of toxoplasmosis. One of the major obstacles encountered in the evaluation of ELISA is the false-positive results due to immunological cross-reactions with other parasitic diseases that exhibit some lack of specificity. Evaluation of the diagnostic efficacy of two ELISA techniques: Cystatin capture ELISA and sodium metaperiodate treated antigen-ELISA [SMP-ELISA] compared to conventional ELISA, to detect IgG antibodies for crude T. gondii antigen in sera of toxoplasmosis patients. The study was carried out on 50 individuals categorized into three groups. Toxoplasmosis group included 30 patients confirmed by Sabin-Feldman dye test. Other parasitic diseases group included 10 sera from patients with amoebiasis [2], fascioliasis [2], hydatidosis [3] and schistosomiasis [3]. Control group included 10 healthy individuals. All sera under study were examined for the detection of T gondii IgG by three different ELISA techniques: Cystatin capture ELISA, SMP-ELISA amid conventional ELISA. The diagnostic performance of the three tests was statistically compared. Cystatin capture ELISA gave the best diagnostic results with 96.6% sensitivity, 95% specificity, 96.6% Positive Predictive Value [PPV], 95% Negative Predictive Value [NPV] and 96% diagnostic accuracy. In spite of the lower sensitivity and NPV of SMP-ELISA [86.6% and 82.6%, respectively] than the conventional ELISA, it had higher specificity [95%] and PPV [96.3%]. Cystatin capture ELISA improved the diagnostic performance of conventional ELISA in diagnosis of human toxoplasmosis

Molecular detection of pox virus in pigeon

Pigeon pox virus causes a serious disease in pigeons and may threats the life of these birds. The pigeon pox virus is easily detected in clinical samples when the signs appeared but in that case the disease could affect the health of birds and may be complicated by secondary bacterial infections. So, the rapid and accurate detection of the virus is needed. In this study the application of molecular techniques based on nucleic acid was characterization done. Molecular characterization of pigeon pox virus was successful carried out by using PCR and real-time PCR techniques for the pox virus in samples from 8 clinical cases of suspected diseased pigeons from three provinces [Giza, Kafr El-Sheikh and Beni-Suef], DNA was extracted from skin lesions from each case, amplify the FWPV P4b gene. Results of PCR amplification of pigeon poxvirus and agarose gel electrophoresis showed that there were five out of the eight suspected field samples were positive for the presence of pigeon pox virus with the expected correct size bands of 578 bp. Real-time polymerase chain reactions [r-PCR] assay was also used for detection of the virus by using the same previously described primers with SYBR Green mix. Real time PCR dissociation curve of PCR products of the SYBR Green PCR assay indicated that the PCR products of melting temperature [Tm] at 75-77°C were positive for 5 samples out of the 8 suspected cases of pigeon pox virus similar to the obtained results by conventional PCR. In this study, the molecular methods the primers and PCR conditions were used to used were able to detect virus in clinical samples and showed the same sensitivity as virus isolation in case of obvious clinical signs but the molecular methods were more rapid and reliable when compared to conventional methods for virus isolation

Assessing exposure to ethylene oxide and evaluation occupational health impacts in medical products sterilization filed

This study aimed at evaluation of ethylene oxide through measuring its, concentration in each section chamber at the field sample and to evaluate associated hematological and immunological changes in addition to p53 cancer lung antigen. A cross sectional study was conducted on three groups of workers in sterilization at Vacsera Company. All workers were subjected to full occupational history and blood samples collection using: EDTA-prefilled tubes for CBC-Blank tubes for serum collections and sodium citrate 1.6 ml filled for PT and PTT sample collection. Directly exposed workers had higher prevalence of headache that was present in 40% of the directly exposed group compared to 20% in the partially exposed group, and 6.7% in the indirectly exposed group with highly statistically significant difference in between. Chest tightness was more frequent among directly exposed group [33.3%] compared to partially exposed [6.7%] and indirectly exposed [6.7%] with highly statistically significant difference between the studied groups. On the other hand there is no statistically significant difference among the studied groups as regard other clinical data. Immunological markers CD3 and CD4 were lower among directly exposed workers compared to the other two groups with statistically significant difference. as regard p53 gene mutation 100% of the studied workers show negative results. Direct exposure to ethylene oxide for f 25-40PPM/8 hours shift work. Increase the risk to acute symptoms as headache and chest tightness. CD3% and CD4% are decreased than in normal control. No gene mutation was detected in P53 among the studied subgroups

Post-extubation laryngeal spasm in children is no longer a nightmare

Postextabation laryngeal spasm in children is no longer a nightmare. Laryngospasm in children after extubation is ever happening. Sometimes it is severe and alarming and not easily amenable for treatment and may pose great morbidity. Opioids given prior to noxious stimuli, ameliorates or prevent physiologic responses. This study was conducted to assess safety and efficacy of pethidine on post extubation laryngospasm. Forty children ASA 1 and 11 aged 3-12 years undergoing minor and moderate surgery were included in this study. Approval of ethics committee and parental consent were taken. Standard anesthetic regiemen of fentanyl 1-2Mg/Kg[-1] followed by propofol 2-3mg/Kg[-1] and atracurium 0.5mg/Kg[-1] were used. Maintenence with sevoflurane [end tidal 1.5 MAC]. Patients were ventilated to ETCO2 32mmHg. All patients; were monitored for SaO2, NIBP, EGG and ETCO2. Children were divided into 2 groups; Pethidine group which received pethidine 0.5 mg/ Kg[-1], 10 minutes towards end of surgery. Control group received 5 ml NSS. Children were extubated in recovery position. Any adverse airway events; cough, stridor, breathholding, apnea, desaturation and laryngospasm were recorded. Emergency profile and awakening time were recorded and all results tabulated. Control group showed incidence of cough [25%], stridor [10%] laryngeal spasm [20%] and desaturation [15%] vs only one case of mild cough in pethidine group. Emergence was excellent in 95% in pethidine vs 75% in control Awakening times were groups [5.3, 9.5vs 5.2, 10.2min] in P and C groups. Pethidine prior to extubation almost prevents laryngospasm without undue prolongation of awakening time with overall excellent uneventeful recovery

Role of aqueous humor matrix metalloproteinase-2 and its inhibitor and connective tissue growth factor in the pathogenesis of primary open angle glaucoma and pseudoexfolliative glaucoma

To study the presence and possible quantitative differences of matrix metalloproteinase-2 [MMP2] and its endogenous inhibitor, tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-2 [TIMP2] and connective tissue growth factor [CTGF] in aqueous humor of patients with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma [PEXG], primary open angle glaucoma [POAG] and cataract patients [serving as controls] and to determine the potential role of these elements in the pathogenesis of glaucomas. Aqueous humor samples were collected from 75 patients [25 patients with PEXG, 25 with POAG and 25 with senile cataract, who served as controls]. Glaucoma and cataract subjects underwent routine glaucoma trabeculectomy and cataract extraction surgeries respectively. MMP2, TIMP2 and CTGF levels were measured using specific enzyme immunoassay [ELISA]. Total MMP2 was detected in significantly higher concentration in aqueous samples from PEXG eyes and POAG eyes compared to control eyes. The ratio of MMP2 to its principle inhibitor TIMP2 was balanced in cataract samples as well as in samples from PEXG glaucoma patients but increased in POAG samples. The CTGF concentration in PEXG group was significantly higher compared to POAG and cataract groups. Complex changes in MMP2- TIMP2 balance in aqueous humor may promote the abnormal matrix accumulation [in PEXG] and matrix degeneration [in POAG] which may be causally involved in the pathogenesis of both glucomas. The increased CTGF concentration supports the proposed fibrotic pathology of glaucoma. Regulation of MMP2/ TIMP2 expression and anti-CTGF therapy may offer potential therapeutic avenues for controlling glaucoma

Effect of environment and nutrition on minerals, heavy metals and trace elements on Sinai breeding camel. Trace elements [zinc and copper] profile

The present work was preformed to special part of our country, the land which observed four wars in the last century and many trips, journeys from friends and enemies, Sinai, with special reference to animal especially tread as desert boat, the camel. Our data demonstrated that the Camel Dromedary [Camelus dromedaries] in Sinai area, the zinc level in serum was [33.79 +/- 0.17 micro g/dl]; liver [112.57 +/- 0.008 micro g/gm DM], muscle [112.42 +/- 0.04 micro g/gm DM], kidney [103.77 +/- 0.01 micro g/gm DM], heart [54.66 +/- 0.007 micro g/gm DM], spleen [54.66 +/- 0.007 micro g/gm DM], ovary [36.15 +/- 0.05 micro g/gm DM] and testis [15.27 +/- 0.008 micro g/gm DM]. While serum copper concentrations was 54.66 +/- 0.21 micro g/dl; kidney [124.65 +/- 0.017 micro g/gm DM], liver [115.30 +/- 0.24 micro g/gm DM], muscle [111.25+0.45 micro g/gm DM], spleen [55.94 +/- 0.018 micro g/gm DM], heart [48.49 +/- 0.025 micro g/gm DM], ovary [40.80 +/- 0.017 micro g/gm DM] and testis [28.46 +/- 0.016]. The present data revealed that the higher concentrations of both serum zinc and copper levels are present in sera of camels in south Sinai than north Sinai and in the female she-camel than male camel with age related references to over 5 years. The serum zinc level was highest values, in south Sinai especially in female over 5 years [41.87 +/- 0.05 micro g/dl] but lower in female and male age [2-4 years] and males over 5 years in the same area [34.65 +/- 0.22 micro g/dl]. The serum copper concentrations in south Sinai female over 5 years were 57.12 +/- 0.34 micro g/dl compared with female [2-4 years] [53.93 +/- 0.16 micro g/dl]. There was influence of the breeding season on the serum zinc and copper levels in either male or female, the serum zinc concentrations increased during breeding season especially in female in the south Sinai [32.25 +/- 0.18 micro g/dl]. Serum copper level showed high significant increase in its level in female in south Sinai [60.3011.08 micro g/dl] than in north Sinai [56.50 +/- 0.11 micro g/dl]. Zinc concentrations in kidney of she camel were [187.05 +/- 0.013 micro g/gm DM], heart [79.18 +/- 0.005 micro g/gm DM], spleen [58.59 +/- 0.02 micro g/gm DM] and ovary [36.15 +/- 0.05 micro g/gm DM]. Similarly, copper concentrations were higher in kidney [211.05 +/- 0.022 micro g/gm DM], followed by heart [89.35 +/- 0.016 micro g/gm DM], spleen [66.19 +/- 0.018 micro g/gm DM] and ovary [40.80 +/- 0.05 micro g/gm DM] than male in the she-camel. The data indicated that the camel breeds in south Sinai contain higher concentrations of zinc and copper levels than camels in north Sinai and there were significant differences between camels due to age and/or sex and/or breeding season and/or geographical variations

Endoscopic removal of third ventricular colloid cysts in non dilated ventricles

Colloid cysts are benign conditions forming not more than 1% of all intracranial neoplasm. The natural history of colloid cysts is not fully understood and the presenting manifestations are usually non specific. Many treatment options have been established for treating colloid cysts, the most recent of them is the endoscopic removal Although small or non dilated ventricles add difficulty to the procedure, yet it is not an obstacle against safe and complete resection. Between 2004 and 2007 we have operated on 10 cases of colloid cysts with non dilated ventricles [average or small sized]. Eight cases were females and two were males. The age ranged between 18 and 43 years. Headache was the outstanding symptom and occurred in all patients. Two patients suffered short term memory deficit. We used the Gaab endoscopic system with an outer sheath diameter of 6.5mm. We used neither neuronavigation nor stereotactic guidance. Follow up period ranged from 35 to 2 monthes. we were able to achieve total cyst removal in all cases. Mild transient short term memory deficit occurred in I patient. There was no mortality. Taping and working inside dilated ventricles are easier than that in smaller ones, however average or even small ventricles are not a contraindication against endoscopic colloid cyst removal even in the absence of neuronavigation and stereotaxy. Still the endoscope in small ventricles can be used safely, effectively with shorter operative period and shorter hospital stay when compared to the traditional operative techniques

Nutritional assessment of preschool children in Sinai governorates

This study was carried out during November and December 2005 to the non-urban areas related to five main cities in Sinai. Clusters of house-holds were selected among which 517 children 2-5 years were included. To identify and estimate the magnitude of health and nutritional problems. The study comes as a first step to the lovely gained Egyptian land Sinai after the year 1982. The basic data are needed to the policy maker to implement health and nutrition strategies accordingly. The study reported that Bedouins preschoolers living in Sinai are facing many health and nutritional problems. The overall prevalence of stunting was 39.5% with more or less the same prevalence among north and south governorates. This figure reflects malnutrition over a long period. The overall prevalence of underweight was [38.5%] with more or less the same percentage among north and south governorates. This figure denotes a consequence of inadequate food and/or illnesses lasting for a relatively long period. The overall prevalence of wasting was less frequent as 18.8% with more or less the same percentage among north and south governorates. Night blindness prevalence was 0.8% while that of Bitot spots was 2.9%. Prevalence of vitamin A disorder VADD was higher significantly in North governorate compared to south. First degree goiter was prevalent among 5% and second degree among 0.2% North Sinai shows significantly more affection. The over all prevalence of anemia in Sinai governorate was 59.3%. North Sinai showed significantly more prevalence of anemia compared to south Sinai [p=0.009]. The morbidity of the Bedouins children during the last month of the survey was assessed. Gastroenteritis as a preschool morbid was prevalent among 21.9% of children. Respiratory infection whether upper or lower was prevalent among 39.1% of children. Fever as a symptom of infection whether gastroenteritis, respiratory, or other was prevalent among 37.7%. Measles at a certain time period previous to the study was prevalent among 1.4%. This high prevalence of morbidity affect the health and nutritional status of the young children and predispose to severe malnutrition. Our results revealed that the Bedouins children are facing severe malnutrition status. Urgent interventions to improve their nutritional and health status is mandatory

Hypolipidemic effect of pectin and vitamin E in rats fed a cholesterol oxidized products supplemented diet

The aim of this present study was to determine the effect of pectin [5, 10 and 15%] and vitamin E [240 mg/kg diet] on reducing the absorption of cholesterol and cholesterol oxidation product-rich diet. Thirty adult male Albino rats were divided into 6 groups. When the rats were fed a hypercholesterolemia-induced diet [control group], the concentrations of cholesterol and cholesterol oxidation products [25-hydroxycholesterol, 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol], significantly increased in plasma, liver, brain, heart, and kidney. The damage caused by the hypercholesterolemia-induced diet was revealed by a significant rise in lactic acid dehydrogenase activity [LDH] and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARs] in plasma. Meanwhile, supreoxide dismutase [SOD] and catalase activity were significantly decreased in plasma. The groups of rat fed hyperchlesterolemic diet with different concentration of pectin and vitamin E [240 mg/kg diet] decreased the concentration of cholesterol and cholesterol oxidation product, TBARs and LDH activity. Meanwhile, SOD and catalase activity were significantly increased

Value of complexed prostate specific antigen [CPSA] in detection of cancer prostate

This study was carried on 90 males aged from 40 to 81 years old selected from Al-Hussein Hospital [Al-Azhar University] in the period from August 2005 to August 2006. cases in this study were classified into 3 groups; Group I: Included 20 persons who were apparently normal and without any prostatic disease and with normal digital rectal examination. Group II: Included 50 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Group III: Included 20 patients histopathologically confirmed prostate cancer. The results revealed that there was statistically highly significant increase of complexed prostatic specific antigen[cPSA] in cancer prostate group in comparison to control group [p value 0.001]. A highly statistically significant decrease in Free/Total [F/T] ratio in cancer prostate group in comparison to control group. We found that cPSA is better in diagnosis of prostate cancer than total PSA but its performance was similar to that of F/T ratio except in sporadic cases in which performance of cPSA was better than F/T ratio. In addition, cPSA assay is a single test, measures a single analysis instead of two which is an economic advantage and decrease the chance of errors in diagnosis, it also uses a single set of kits with a single system of analysis. In addition, the complexed PSA is more stable than fPSA which is relatively unstable with long-term storage

Serological tests and biochemical profiles in camels infected with brucellosis

Blood samples were collected from 80 camels kept in closed farm [Camel production unit Animal production Institute and others], another 72 blood samples were collected from camels kept in close contact with cattle and other small ruminant from different areas in Gize governorate. As well as 94 blood samples were collected from imported camel from Sudan in camel market. Our data showed that the highest percent of positive reactors was observed in the imported camels [Sudanese camel] in large herd [8.50 to 11.70% [9.50%, 10.60%. 9.50%, 8.51%. 9.57% and 11.70 to 8.50% for RBPT, BAPA, Riv, SAT, MET and DI/ respectively], Camels in contact with other animals [6.94 to 11.10% [8.30%, 9.40%, 8.30%, 6.94%, 8.33% and 8.30 to 11.10% for RBPT, BAPA, Riv, SAT, MET and DIA, respectively] and Camels in closed farms [0.00 to 2.50% [1.25%, 2.50%, 0.00%, 1.25%, 0.00% and 1.25 to 5.00% for RBPT. BAPA, Riv, SAT, MET and DIA, respectively]. The results of sensitivity and specificity of DIA revealed that DIA using n-lauroylsarcosin extract is more specific than DIA whole bacterial antigen. The sera of infected camels with brucclla [either camels contact with animals or imported camels] showed elevated levels in each of the GGT, LDH, ALP, AST, ALT, total protein, albumin, glucose, urea, uric acid and creatinine. The sera of imported camels infected with brucellosis were characterized by increased levels of protein bands with molecular weights 29.83 -30.11, 45.95-46.27 kDa, with increase of 34.64, 35.29, 74.67, 87.74, 98.96, 99.75, 104.62, 110.57, 115.54, 132.63, 134.12, 138.69, 140.25 kDa protein bands in both camels contact with animals and imported camels infected with brucellosis. Protein bands 181.3,1-183.34 and 214.36 KDa were apparent in camels contact with animal's sera infected with brucellosis and protein bands 189.59 and 231.79 were present in imported camel's sera infected with brucellosis especially in 1/320 antibody sera. The LDH and ALP iso-enzymes had a characteristic profile in brucellosis. Our conclusions that imported camels infected brucellosis followed by camels contact with animals infected with brucellosis had more serious biochemical discordance. The results give us an index to diagnosis of brucellosis in the imported camel. The incidence percent of brucellosis in camels in closed farm in dedicate importance, good prognosis mean and diagnosis tools to detect and eliminate the infected camels, and aid in epidemiological controls of the disease

Effect of nutrition and social factors on menarcheal age among Egyptian adolescent girls

The aim of this study was to determine the nutritional and social factors affecting age at menarche. In a cross sectional analytical study, 2021 adolescent girls aged [11-18 years] were surveyed in six different governorates. Age at menarche was estimated by the recall method and given by the study participants. A questionnaire was designed to collect information about education of girls, family size, number of rooms, parent's education and occupation. Anthropometric measures [weights and heights] were done. Food intake was determined by using 24 hours recall method. Adolescent girls were grouped into three levels according to social characteristics regarding the education and occupation of their parents. Crowdness index was calculated by dividing the family members over the number of rooms. Weights and heights were computed in accordance with age and compared with WHO [1995] percentiles of BMI/age. It was found that 67.2% of the sample had commenced menarche. The mean age for girls at menarche was 12.9 +/- 1.3 years. Among the non menstruating girls 13.1%were under weights. While among the menstruating 19.4%were over weights and 10% obese. The mean percentile of body mass index/age was significantly higher among the menstruating girls [p=0.00].Girls with high level of education commenced menses significantly earlier.[p=0.00] Family size,crowdness index, social levels showed no significant differences between pre and postmenarcheal girls. The total caloric intake and total protein intake were consumed by a higher percentage among girls who experienced menses though not significant. Intake of Micronutrients, retinol, iron and calcium were below the reference values by all girls suspecting under nutrition problems namely vit A deficiency, calcium deficiency problems and iron deficiency anemia. The mean age of menarche in Egypt is [12.9 +/- 1.3] years. Better nutrition on a balanced diet, girls education are important predictors for age at menarche

Serological and biochemical studies in serum and milk of infected IBR/IPV cattle [with 9 tables and 2 figures]

Infectious pustular vulvo vaginitis [IPV] was isolated and identified from cows showing the genital form of infection, located at Dakahlia Governorate. The clinical viral sign included vulvo-vaginitis, abortion, retained fetal membranes and metritis. IPV was isolated from vaginal swabs on MDBK cell line and confirmed by virus neutralization test [VNT]. SNT and ELIZA detected IBR/IPV antibodies in serum and milk samples. SNT and ELISA revealed that 63 [70%] and 71 [78.1%] sera samples were positive respectively while 35 [58.3%] and 40 [66.7%] milk samples were positive respectively. The biochemical changes are more pronounced associated with sera containing high IBR/IPV antibody titer. There were significant increase protein bands with molecular weight 193.87, 163.97, 156.81, 129.70, 105.03, 100.94, 87.74, 74.67, 73.96 KD and significant decrease of protein band with molecular weight [KD] 138.69, 68.55, 66.63, 65.09, 41.36 and 30.39 KD in sera with low, moderate and high IBR/IPV antibody titer associated with several mineral changes including increase magnesium and iron protein binding capacity associated with serum with low IBR/IPV antibodies titer, while moderate IBR/IPV antibodies sera associated with significant increase in total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, total magnesium, iron and iron binding capacity levels and significant decrease in chloride levels, while significant increase in inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, iron and iron binding capacity levels and significant decrease in chloride level ions was determined in serum with high IBR/IPV antibody titer. The increase in IBR/IPV antibody concentration was associated with metabolic changes that lead to an increased individual animal risk of non-pregnancy and increased risk of abortion. All animals imported to Egypt should be free from IBR/IPV infections. IBR/IPV virus as cause of venereal disease must consider. Control programs for detection and removal of IBR/IPV-persisted cattle should be applied in cattle herds all over the country

Anemia and vitamin A status among primary school-aged children in El Sharkia Governorate

The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude and the etiology of the problem of anemia and vitamin A deficiency among primary school children, also to study the interrelation of iron and vitamin A, with each other and in relation to anthropometric measures. Using the multistage stratified random sample method, 1000 students were selected from primary schools in El-Sharkia governorate [500 were urban and 500 from rural area]. A questionnaire was used to assess the economic and social status. Medical examination was done for signs and symptoms of nutritional deficiencies. Weight and height were measured for every student. Food intake was estimated using 24 hours recall method. A sub sample of one fourth of the studied children [250] subjected to blood sample to determine hemoglobin [Hb], serum ferritin [SF], and serum retinol levels. The study reported that anemia was prevalent among [48%] all over the governorate with more affection of rural sector compared to urban sector [53.6% versus 42.4%] [p=0.07]. While the prevafence of VAD was [14.8%] all over the governorate with more affection of rural sector compared to urban sector [15.2% versus 14.4%] [p=0.10]. The intake of iron and vit A were deficient compared to the recommended daily allowance RDA. [43.6%] of the sample got less than 50% of their iron RDA. Also more than half of the sample [55.2%] consumed less than75% of their RDA of vitamin A. The etiology of anemia is explained partially by iron deficiency as SF depletion was detected among 12.8%. Underweight is positively associated with anemia [p=0.00]. Stunting is positively associated with both anemia and VAD, 28.2% of stunted children, were anemic, and 56.4% showed VAD [p>0.05]. Denoting the important role of sound hemopoitic factors and Vit A for the prepubertal age growth. One third of the wasted students [33.3%] show association of anemia and VAD although not significant [p=0.4]. Our study showed that stunting, wasting and underweight prevalence were 15.6% and 6.0% and 6.0% respectively the rural sector shows almost always a higher magnitude of each problem. Our results suggest that anemia is an important health problem in El Sharkia Governorate among school-aged children. The etiology cannot be explained solely by iron deficiency. Anemia was independently related to vitamin A status in stunted students. Vit A deficiency comprises a health problem in rural areas of El Sharkia Governorate. Intervention programs with special implication for micronutrients like iron and vit A should be applied to the school aged children and their families. Proper school feeding programs in which iron and vit A should be taken into consideration, Population awareness on nutrition should be aroused by media to promote regular consumption of iron and vitamin A rich foods. In addition, it is desirable to improve the production of enriched common food with iron and vitamin A with proper dissemination to such an important age group

Complete abdominal wound dehiscence: evaluation of the non-operative management

Complete abdominal wound dehiscence "burst abdomen" is a challenging surgical complication and continue to be a major source of morbidity and mortality after laparotomies. The costs for managing burst abdomen are considerable, frequently requiring medical treatment, surgical intervention and prolonged hospital stay. Twenty six patients, who had burst abdomen, were seen between December; 2000 and April 2004 at Ain Shams University Hospitals. Fifteen patients were selected for conservative treatment [group A] and eleven patients were treated by classical abdominal mass closure with tension sutures [group B]. Patients selected for conservative treatment included those whose disruption occurred from the second postoperative week onwards, disruption occurred secondary to major wound sepsis or any intra-abdominal septic focus draining through the wound [without any evidence of intra-abdominal collections] or those with stable dehisced fascial defect that occurred at any time and under any circumstances, revealing amalgamated loops of bowel, which were adherent to wound edges [frozen abdomen]. Patients not falling into these categories were treated by mass closure. The mean hospital stay was 25 days in group A and 22 days in group B. Mortality was 20% [3 cases] among group A, all of them died in the early postoperative period from complications unrelated to the conservative protocol. Mortality was 36.4% [4 cases] among patients of group B, 50% of them died from intra-operative mishaps occurred at the time of closure [small intestinal injury]. Follow-up for 8 months or more was complete in 10 patients in group [A] and in 7 patients in group [B]. Four incisional [ventral] hernias were noted among 10 patients treated conservatively and followed up for more than 8 months. Repair was required in two patients [20%]. The other two patients had only diffuse protrusion during coughing or straining because of stretched weak scar without localized defects and required no further treatment. Two ventral hernias [28.6%] with multiple defects were seen in the survived 7 patients of group B, both of them has been repaired using polyprolene mesh. The results of this study strongly document the safety and efficacy of conservative treatment as an alternative method in treating abdominal wall dehiscence in certain situations. We believe this to be the method of choice in cases where the bowel loops are adherent to the wound edges, where the wound is infected and oedematous, when closure can only be done under tension and in high risk patients unfit for operation