Predictors of transition in smoking stages in Iranian adolescents: latent transition analysis

This study determined the prevalence of smoking stages in adolescents, the probability of transition across stages and the personal and environmental predictors of transition. A school-based study was conducted in 2010-11 using a random sample of 5197 students [mean age 15.7 years] in Tabriz city. The students were evaluated twice, 12-months apart. The latent transition analysis model revealed 9 interpretable statuses for the measurement of smoking stages. Prevalence data showed that at the first and second assessments 75.1% and 66.8% of students respectively were in the committer stage, while 4.8% and 7.1% respectively were daily smokers. Over 12 months, 10.1% of the never smokers became experimenters and 1.7% became regular smokers, while 17.0% of experimenters became regular smokers. The analysis also showed factors associated with transitions in cigarette smoking stages. Although the prevalence of smoking was low in our adolescents, the rate of becoming a smoker over 1 year was high

Substance abuse in high school students in association with socio-demographic variables in Northwest of Iran

Substance abuse in adolescents and its often tragic consequences, including addiction, is one of the preventable major public health problems. The aims of this paper were to estimate the prevalence of substance abuse and to evaluate its some associated factors in adolescents of Tabriz City [northwest of Iran]. A self-administered questionnaire was completed in 4903 randomly selected students with mean age of 15.7 years old. The aim of the questionnaire was obtaining information on substance abuse, socio-economical information, cigarette smoking behavior, general risk taking behavior, self-esteem, attitude towards smoking and self-injury as well as demographical characteristics. Prevalence of substance abuse was 1.4% [95% CI: 1.1-1.7] which was different statistically significant between boys [2.4%] and girls [0.6%] [P<0.001]. Older age [OR=1.43], not living with parents [OR=2.34], having general risk taking behavior [OR=2.26], higher smoking stage [OR=2.39], lower self-esteem [OR=1.09] and positive attitude toward smoking [OR=1.08] were factors associated with student's ever use of substance. The result has shown low prevalence of substance abuse in Iranian adolescents. Our findings showed some associated factors such as lower self-esteem with adolescent's substance abuse

[Seroprevalence of celiac disease among inpatients with chronic psychiatric disorders]

The associations between celiac disease [CD] and chronic psychiatric disorders have been reported in several studies. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of CD in patients with chronic psychiatric disorders. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, two hundred inpatient subjects with depression disorders and schizophrenia admitted to Razi hospital in Tabriz, Iran were studied. Five milliliters of blood were collected from each subject. IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody [anti-tTG] was examined by ELISA. The total serum IgA levels were determined by turbidimetry. Patients with positive anti-tTG and IgA deficiency were referred to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The mean age of 200 subjects [100 depressive and 100 schizophrenic males] was 37 +/- 10.06 years [range 18-68 years]. One [1%] schizophrenic and two [2%] depressive patients were positive for anti-tTG. IgA deficiency was determined in three [3%] schizophrenic and two [2%] depressive subjects. Chronic diarrhea was not seen in any of the patients. None of the anti-tTG positive and IgA deficient subjects allowed duodenal mucosa biopsy. Seroprevalence of CD in schizophrenic [1%] and depressive patients [2%] was slightly higher than general population. Therefore, regular screening for CD is suggested in patients with chronic psychiatric disorders

Comparison of therapeutic effects of Risperidone and Haloperidol in delusional disorder

Delusional disorder is an uncommon mental illness with an estimated prevalence of 0.03%.Since these patients have no insight in their disease, psychotherapy of them accompanies by many problems. It seems that using an effective drug with least side effects has an important role in treatment of this disorder. The aim of this study is comparison of theraputic effects of Risperidone and Haloperidole in treatment and management of delusional disorders. In this study, 35 patients [22 male and 13 female] suffering from delusional disorders according to DSMIV criteria and diagnosis of a psychiatrist, were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The Global Assessment of Function-sale [GAF] was measured in patients before treatment and then one group received Risperidone [2-6 mg/day] and the other was treated with Haloperidole [10-20 mg/day] In the first group treated with Risperidone [19 cases] response to treatment was 89.5%, which was higher than the second group, which was treated with Haloperidole [16 cases] with 68.5% response to treatment [p=0.248]. The mean increase range of GAF in first group was higher than the second group [55 and 44 respectively] [p=0.003]. It seems that treatment of delusional disorder with Risperidone is more effective than Haloperidole and ends to more increase in GAF. In the meantime Resperidone is tolerated better and has fewer side effects

[Correlation between psychological signs and postoperative satisfaction of rhinoplasty]

Rhinoplasty is performed to improve the appearance of the nose. Rhinoplasty surgery becomes increasingly popular across all sections of the population. Because, it is initiated by patient, surgeons are required to recognize psychological condition of patient and select appropriate candidas for plastic surgery. One hundred fifty one patients requesting a rhinoplasty in the E.N.T Department of emam khomeini Hospital in Tabriz from 1382 to 1384 completed SCL-90- TR[symptom cheklist-90-revised] questionnaire and generally questions. Three to nine months [average 6 months] after surgery, patients were called on telephone and asked to rate satisfaction. Prevalence of psychological signs in the patients requesting a rhinoplasty result in: 27/8% somatization, 13/9% paranoid, 9/9% aggression, 7/3% phobia, 6% schycotizm, 2/6% obcessive, 1/3% anxiety, 1/3% interpersonal deficiency and 0% depression. Overall 56/2% [85 cases] patients underwent rhinoplasty, had abnormal signs of psychology. Patients described as paranoid had low satisfaction. There was no significant correlation between the other psychological signs and satisfaction. Satisfaction rate [over 50%] was reported 86/8%. The most of patients appeared generally satisfied with outcome of their procedures, although individuals with paranoid signs [13.9%] didnot. Plastic surgery for individual don't appear psychologically healthy may have a negative outcome, creating problems for both patient and surgeon. So, the surgeon required to recognize patients psychological condition before proceeding

[Epidemiologic survey of the self-injury in the male students of Tabriz's high schools and it's related factors]

There are currently no reliable estimates of the prevalence of self-injury among adolescent population. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of self-injury among a sample of 10 grade male students in Tabriz city and to evaluate the associated factors such as demographic and risk taking behaviors. Of all grade-10 male students in Tabriz, 1772 were randomly sampled. A self- administered questionnaire was used to collect demographic data, self-injury, substance abuse, general risk taking behavior and friends smoking. The influence of different factors on self-injury was evaluated with a logistic regression model. Among 1772 students 76 [4.3%, CI 95%: 3.4-5.3] had self- injury. Eight [10.5%] of them were carving, 4 [5.3%] burning, 9[11.8%] hitting, 27[35.5%] cutting, 7[9.2%] tattooing, 5[6.6%] skin picking and 17[22.4%] bruising. The results indicate that, ever alcohol use [OR= 1.52], having smoker friend [OR= 2.54] and higher smoking stage [OR= 1.85] were factors associated with student's self-injury. This study has shown low prevalence of self-injury and determined some of its risk factors among students. More studies about adolescent population are necessary to approve the observed results of this study and thus allow for a certain generalization of the observations

[ prevalence of smoking and its related personal and environmental factors in Tabrizi adolescents]

Cigarette smoking continues to be a major public health problem that specifically affects the adolescent population. The aim of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of smoking and to examine personal and environmental factors related to smoking among adolescents [15-19 years old] in the city of Tabriz. A school-based study was conducted using a random sample of 1785 students from 30 schools in five regions of Tabriz. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire inquired about smoking status, demographic characteristics, and personal and environmental factors, such as parental and friends' smoking status, and group membership. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between independent variables and smoking status using SPSS software. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. About 23% of participants reported ever smoking. 77.4%, 18.2%, and 4.4% were never smoker, experimenter and regular smoker, respectively. Group membership, having smoking friends, and being offered cigarette by others, were strongly associated with smoking status in adolescents. The prevalence of smoking in Tabrizi adolescents is considerable, and having smoker friends is strongly related with adolescent smoking