[ effect of spiritual care on self confidence of adolescents with type 1 diabetes]

Introduction: self-confidence in adolescents gradually diminishes during puberty due to changes in identity and in their responsibilities. It decreases more in adolescents suffering from chronic disease of diabetes, in whom promotion of self-confidence for self-management behaviors, has a significantly positive effect. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of spiritual care on the self-confidence of adolescents with type 1 diabetes

Materials and Methods: this quasi-experimental clinical trial study was performed on 52 adolescents with type 1diabetes, selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned in two groups, the intervention and control [n=26 each]. The intervention was implemented daily for 6 sessions in the experimental group. Data were collected using the demographic and Rosenberg scale and analysis was done by SPSS-19 software. Descriptive and inferential statistics and repeated measure ANOVA, Mann-Whitney, Fisher, and Chi-square tests were used

Results: the mean scores of self-confidence in the control group before/after the intervention, and also in the follow up period were 0.46, 1.5, and 1.46, respectively. The values in the intervention group were 3.92, 5.69, and 6.38, respectively. Results of analysis of variance showed the significant effects of intervention [p<0.001]

Conclusion: the results indicate the effect of spiritual care on the self-confidence of adolescents with type 1 diabetes, emphasizing that nurses, as part of the health care system, must pay attention to spiritual care and its continuity in the care of these patients

[Conversancy with oxygen and its production instrument in military aviation and seafaring]

The most important qualification of aviation at flight altitude over tenthousand feet and sub aquatic seafaring [in all deeps] are the effective oxygen production instruments which have the worthwhile role in prevention of hypoxia and hyperventilation. These systems were used invention in First World War and greatly improved since this century. Informed about this systems and their introduction, function and probable failures are very necessary. This study documents collected based on any books, articles and knowledge about marine. Oxygen generator systems produce this gas as a shape of gas, liquid and chemical compounds. All the oxygen generators consist of two major sources: main source and back up source which help on emergency situations. Function of this system was based on two methods: automatic and manual operation. Relative appurtenants such as connecting pips, regulators, air dilution systems and masks have accurate points depend on their facilities. Best part of their functions are air dilution ability, generation of 100% oxygen, positive pressure breathing and suitable oxygen temperature. Progressive development of aviation and seafaring technology and up to date investigations implicate enough flight and sea crew orientation about oxygen and its equipments for hypoxia and hyperventilation prevention

[Demonstrate some damages of poisonous sea animals]

The sea similar of other earth environments have very different animals that life in them and any of that living beings have special characters. Notification about this special characters for all divers were necessary. Perform successful operation depend on this important and intelligent awareness. This study collected based on any books, articles and knowledge be about marin. Sea animals divided in two major group: poisonous and non poisonous Poisonous sea animals such as sea snake, stone fish, Portuguese Man-O" War, chironex and etc use of their toxins for defence. Sign and symptoms that produced by toxins are vary such erythema, endoration, pain or itching to anaphylactic shock and death. Contamination by toxins occur on two forms: active and passive. Complete explanation of this suggestion are reachable at this study. With pay attention to importance of poisoning prevention and their harmful complications, be awareness of sea animals characters for divers, swimmers and naval officers were seem necessary

[ comparison between muscle energy technique with low-level laser in reducing neck and shoulder pain and disability in subjects with trapezius and levator scapula myofascial trigger points]

There is a strong relationship between trigger points with neck pain and headache. This study aimed to compare the effects of muscle energy technique using low-level laser on reducing neck and shoulder pain and disability in patients with myofascial trigger points in the upper trapezius and levator scapula muscles. This double-blinded randomized controlled trial was performed in Zahedan in 2009. Thirty patients with trigger points in the upper trapezius and levator scapula were randomly assigned to one of the three groups in equal numbers. In the laser group, a low-level Ga-As laser was applied with a pulse duration of 200 ns and 6 J/cm[2] dosages. By contrast, in the muscle energy group, we used stretching following post-isometric relaxation, and in the placebo group used low-level laser without an output. A 10-session treatment program was performed for each group. Prior to and following the intervention, We assessed the cervical ranges of motion with a goniometer, and neck and shoulder pain and disability with Neck Disability Index and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index; respectively. Paired t-test and one-way Anova were used for data analysis. The data shows that the neck pain decreased from 8.2 +/- 1.2 to 3.5 +/- 0.85 in the muscle energy group, and from 8.4 +/- 1.4 to 2.6 +/- 1.2 in the laser group. The shoulder pain and disability decreased from 102.9 +/- 10.7 to 24 +/- 10.3 in the muscle energy group, and from 104.7 +/- 11.8 to 22.6 +/- 10.7 in the laser group [P<0.05]. There were no significant differences seen between the two treatment groups regarding either the neck and shoulder pain or disability or ranges of motion [P>0.05]. The results show that low-level laser and muscle energy technique are both equally effective in decreasing the neck and shoulder pain and disability in patients with myofascial trigger points in trapezius and levator scapula muscles

[Adventures of rapid ascending]

Since first human flight, unfamiliarity about atmosphere is the most important concern in aerospace. Aerospace researchers scrounges cause finding some ambiguities in order to human space arrival. This article is the apercu collection of available data and knowledge in aerospace and diving medicine. Earth atmosphere contain five different layers: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, exosphere, that any of them, from temperature point of view, have specific characteristic. Diameter of those layers of varies in polar shorter and in equator longer. With increase altitude, oxygen pressure and concentration were decreased. Armed forces[air force and navy] successful operations depending on practical knowledge awareness in relation aerospace and diving medicine for physician, nurses, engineers, divers, athletics and .... This Article Was Present At The Bandar Abbas Preventive Medicine And Marin Hygiene Congress

[Comparing the effects of vibration and ultrasound waves accompanied with stretching exercises on myofascial trigger points of posterior neck muscles in athletes]

Various physical modalities and exercises have been recommended for treatment of myofacial trigger points, but there are not randomized controlled trails to compare these methods. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of vibration and ultrasound therapy accompanied with stretching exercises on myofascial trigger points of posterior neck muscles in athletes. In this double-blind randomized controlled trial study. Thirty athletes with myofascial trigger points in their posterior neck muscles were recruited through simple non-probability sampling. They were randomly assigned to either a vibration [n=15] or an ultrasound therapy accompanied with stretching exercises group [n=15]. Before and after intervention, neck disability [ordinal] was assessed with Neck Disability Index [NDI], neck pain with visual analog scale [ordinal] and Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire [NPNPQ], and shoulder pain and disability with Shoulder Pain and Disability Index [SPADI]. A 10 session program which lasted 4 weeks, 3 sessions per week, and 30 minutes per session was performed for both groups. Independent t-test or Mann-Whitney U, paired t-test or Wilcoxon and One Way ANOVA were used for analysis of data. The neck disability index was decreased from 25.33 +/- 5.35 to 13.93 +/- 4.1 in the vibration group and from 25.20 +/- 4.63 to 13.80 +/- 4.36 in the ultrasound therapy group [P<0.001]. The neck pain index was decreased from 15 +/- 3.91 to 6.47 +/- 3.7 in the vibration group and from 13.47 +/- 4.56 to 5.53 +/- 4.19 in the ultrasound therapy group [P<0.001]. The shoulder pain and disability index was decreased from 69.08 +/- 30.53 to 24.83 +/- 22.36 in the vibration group and from 64.69 +/- 23.61 to 17.27 +/- 11.42 in the ultrasound therapy group [P<0.001]. However, no significant difference was observed between two groups regarding improving function and reducing pain and disability of neck and shoulder [P>0.05]. In athletes with myofascial trigger points in posterior neck muscles, both vibration and ultrasound therapy accompanied with stretching exercises causes decreasing in shoulder and neck pain and disability

[Study of angiotensin converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitory effects of main Papaver spp. alkaloids]

Angiotensin converting enzyme [ACE] converts the inactive angiotensin I to [a potent vasoconstrictor and aldosterone releaser] angiotensin II. Inhibitors of ACE are valuable drugs in the treatment of hypertension, and heart failure. These inhibitors have a natural origin and non-peptide drugs were synthesized from the natural lead compounds. However, because of some side effects such as dry cough, many investigators are searching in natural products to find better and more selective lead compounds. There are reports on the interaction between rennin-angiotensin system and endogenous opioid system. Morphine and endogenous opioids have reported to inhibit ACE. In this research we examined the possible inhibitory effects of purified papaver's main alkaloids on the activity of purified rabbit lung ACE. We found that only papaverin at 1 mM inhibited the enzyme by 40%. The Km value of ACE increased while Vmax decreased in papaverin treated samples. We conclude that part of hypotensive effects of papaverin may be related to ACE inhibition, and this compound will be a suitable lead compound for further investigation

[Variation in quantitative yield and hypericin content of St. John's wort., Hypericum perforatum L.]

St John's wort, Hypericum Perforatum L. [Culsiaceae] is an important medicinal plant, which has different bioactive constituents and hypericin [a naphtodianthrone] is one of this compounds. Hypericin has many pharmacological effects such as antidepressant, antiviral and antibacterial, which cause to high production and consumption. It has known that region and genetic [accession] have significant effects on yield and content of active constituents of this plant. Because of existing 5 accessions in gene bank of medicinal plants Institute -ACECR, this study has been conducted in order to determination the best accession and evaluation role of genetic and environment on quantitative yield and hypericin content. This study has been done in research farms of medicinal plants Institute - ACECR along 1999- 2002. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a split-plot arrangement. The parameters are measured in this study included: dry and wet herbage, content of hypericin, plant height and diameter in flowering stage. Combined analysis of variance indicated that genetic [accession] had significant effect on wet herbage [p<0.05], dry herbage, plant height and diameter [p<0.01] but had not significant effect on hypericin content. Environmental conditions [years] affected on hypericin content [p<0.01]. Therefore accession and environment have main roles in production of medicinal parts and hypericin content in this plants, respectively. They could be considered as two key factors for an economically successful cultivation