[Compression of depression frequency in HIV positive and HIV negative among IV drug abusers]

Today, HIV infectious and IV drug abusers have a near relationship; especially IV is an important matter in IRAN. A big number of abusers suffered from HIV and capable to psychiatric disorder. Evaluation of Depression Frequency in HIV Positive and HIV Negative among IV Drug Abusers. In a cross sectional, descriptive study, frequency of depression was evaluated between HIV positive and HIV negative among IV drug abusers. Twenty hundred seventy drug abusers [90 HIV+, 180 HIV-] were enrolled in the study. Data was collected by Beck Depression Inventory [BDI] questionnaire for depression and checklist for demographic features. Mean average age of starting injection was 38.25 +/- 7.1 years old. Frequency of depression in HIV positive individuals was 79% and 7.8% of them had major depression but in HIV negative individuals, 60% suffering from depression and 7.1% of them had major depression. Frequency of depression among HIV positive individuals is more than HIV negative individuals. So is suggested to pay more attention and better evaluation on psychiatric disorder of IV drug abusers with HIV

genotoxicological study in Persian gulf on rock oyster [Soccostrea cucullata] using micronuclei and RAPID assays

Both micronuclei [MN] and binuclei [BN] as well as RAPD [Random Amplifying Polymorphism of DNA] assays are newly biomarkers which are well-introduced in toxic injury and related genotoxicity studies in bivalve, fishes and even humans. However, there is no record of such studies in Iranian Persian Gulf coast line so far. For this propose, we analyzed frequency of MN and RAPD patterns in gill cells of rock oyster [soccostrea cucullata] [n=30] collected from two area including Dayer [as reference area] and Mahshahr which was already shown oil contaminant are relatively high in this area owing to be oil vessel terminal. Our results showed micronuclei frequency is significantly higher in rock oysters of Mahshahr than Dayer area [p<0.05]. Binuclei cells were also observed in some individuals of Mahshahr. Besides, RAPD analysis indicated less diversity in polluted area individuals. The results of this study suggest that MN and RAPD analyses can be easily considered as a useful tool for assessment of diverse pollution on aquatic organism in coastal area of Persian Gulf

[ short term effects of one-session of whole body vibration training on isokinetic strength of rotator cuff and shoulder proprioception in young healthy subjects]

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of onesession of whole body vibration training on isokinetic strength of rotator cuff and shoulder proprioception 32 students experienced three positions including control [no vibration], push up with straight elbow and push up with semi flexed elbow [two vibration positions] for 2 minutes with 30 minutes interval between positions. After control position, vibration positions were tested on a random basis by means of a power plate device [Freq: 30Hz and Amp: low]. The isokinetic strength of rotator cuff and shoulder proprioception were measured in angle repositioning test in 3 target angles of 0°, 45° and 90° by means of Kin-Com dynamometer before and after each position. Then the results of 3 positions were compared with one another. Despite decreased dynamic strength of medial rotators after 3 positions, this decrease was significantly less in push up with straight elbow than that in control position [p=0.03]. Also there was a significant difference in concentric MPT of lateral rotators between 3 positions so that, control position caused the greatest decline in lateral rotators strength [p=0.01] and push up with straight elbow was more effective than push up with semi flexed elbow [p=0.03]. Moreover, There was a significant improvement in angle repositioning in 3 positions but only in zero degree a significant difference was detected between the push up with semi flexed elbow position and the control position [p=0.03]. No significant change in muscle strength was found between push up with straight elbow and semi flexed elbow positions. Conclusions: The results of this experiment show that a two minute single-session of whole body vibration is relatively a good stimulation for neuromuscular system in young and healthy individuals

Indicators of aggression in draw-a-man test in 9 years boys

Draw-A-Man test [DAM] as projection of a person's inner world can provide information about people interests, anxieties, defenses and inhibitions. The aim of this study was to investigate indicators of aggression in DAM test in primary male school students. In this explanatory study 57 male student in third grade of a primary school of KhorramAbad city were selected by convenience selection. Firstly, according to manual of DAM test, they were asked to draw a person. Then, they were asked to write characters of an aggressive individual, finally they were directed to draw an angry and aggressive person. For the purpose of the study, two drawings were compared with regular TAM. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests such as Sing test, McNemar and Phi correlation coefficient. Data analysis showed that, dark lines, red color, mouth form [as bow down], tilted and knotted eyebrow, baldhead or stiffness of hairs and holding aggressive instrument [especially knife] were significantly more common in aggressive men as aggression sign. These indicators had significant frequency in comparison with regular DAM [P < 0/001]. The results of this study are mainly in accord with other studies about some of aggression indicators. Therefore, the presence of aggression instrument [especially knife] was remarkable in this study. This should be an important issue for families and education authorities, because it is should be related to type of aggressive behaviors which are common in the society

[Prevalence of behavioural problems of Khorramabad pre-school children]

Childhood period it one of the most important stages of life in which individual's personality is formed. The majority of behavioral problems are due to attention deficit to the sensitive periods of childhood. This attention deficit leads to lack of agreement with environment and causes behavioural problems in children. Behavioural problem is attributed to a person's behaviour that his IQ isn't lowered, but his or her mental and behavioural equilibrium is deviated from social norm and has severity, repetition and continuance in numerous times and places, so that his educational performance and behaviour will be frustrated and his efficiency is reduced. Such children are always rejected by others and in school there are a lot of grievances against them. Therefore, to pay attention children common behavioural problems is one of the most important topics and it prompt detection makes its treatment possible, So this study designed to determine prevalence of behavioural problems of Khorramabad pre-school children. This descriptive-cross sectional study was carried out on 600 rural and urban pre-school children selected using random one stage sampling method. Data gathering tool was a two-part questionnaire including demographic and behavioural disorders signs obtained from DSM IV. Reability and validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the university teaching members and retest method with a correlation coefficient 98%. Data were analyzed using SPSS software [ver 11] and Ch-square test. Results of the study showed that 79% of the rural, and 68% of the urban children were at least involved in one of the behavioural problems. Anxiety, withdrawal and social isolation, too much irrelevant peevishing and crying were higher in urban children, and behavioural problems such as, urinary incontinence, night fear, teeth gnashing, hitting the head against the wall, sleep disorders were higher in rural children. Some of the children behavioural problems such as urinary incontinence, stammering, onychophagia and ... had a significant relation with sex, as well as between age, job, educational level of the parents, birth rank, and some behavioural problems a significant relation was observed. These findings showed that most of the pre-school children somehow suffer from behavioural problems, they need more attention and support in the area of mental health which require an accurate and comprehensive planning. So study of children mental health level in the stations of measurement and mental health services in the schools, and education to teachers and parents in order to prevent behavioural disorders, and ontime diagnosis and treatment are necessary

Comparing the retention of two luting agents with common core type materials

A major part of dental work is associated with fixed prosthodontics. The permanence of cemented restorations is based on different factors for instance, retention, appropriate cement and applying the correct way of use. The aim of this study was to compare the retention of zinc phosphate and polycarboxylate cements with the common core build up materials such as amalgam, composite, casting alloy and coremax II. In this experimental study twenty 6x6 mm cylinders were produced from every core build-up material. The teeth were prepared by means of mounting and cutting by high speed h and piece. To build - up a substitutionary crown cylinder, 100 cylinders were made by means of based metal casting alloy ingut with external diameter of 12 mm, height of 6 mm and a 6.1 mm hole in the center. 10 samples were cemented with zinc phosphate and the other 10 with polycarboxylate. The samples were placed under the dartec machine and the neccessary power for egress of piston from cylinder was measured by the dartec. The data were analyzed by SPSS software, factorial ANOVA and Duncan tests. The retention mean value of zincphosphate cement to casting alloy, Amalgam, Composite, Coremax II and the tooth sample was respectively as follows: 77 +/- 5, 71 +/- 5, 37 +/- 4, 32 +/- 2 and 24 +/- 2 MPa. The retention mean value of polycarboxylate cement to tooth, Amalgam, casting alloy, Composite and Coremax II was respectively as follows: 37 +/- 3, 32 +/- 6, 22 +/- 4, 10 +/- 1 and 8 +/- 1 MPa. ANOVA test demonstrated statistically significant differences between retention mean value of zinc phosphate and polycarboxylate cement with 5 core build-up materials [P<0.001]. The reason of more retention in polycarboylate cement to tooth structure can be related to chemical bonding between tooth and cement. The results of this study revealed that the casting alloy provided more retention than amalgam. The more retention of amalgam in comparison with composite and coremax II can be related to a more powerful compressive strength of amalgam

[Seroepidemiology of the human Herpesvirus [HHV-8] in the haemodialysis patients blood donors and HIV-positive individuals in city of Tehran]

Human herpes virus 8 [HHV-8], also known as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus, is believed to be the infectious trigger for Kaposi sarcoma. HHV-8 transmission takes place via different routes such as saliva, sexual intercourse, mucosal contact and possibly blood transfusion. The objective of this study was to determine HHV-8 seroprevalence in otherwise healthy blood donors as immunocompetent hosts, in HIV positive individuals [immunocompromised hosts], and in hemodialysis patients as multi-transfused patients. This is the first time that research of this magnitude on HHV-8 prevalence is conducted in Iran. The study method was analytic-observational. We measured HHV-8 antibody levels in 118 hemodialysis patients, 35 HIV positive subjects and 256 healthy blood donors. The primary test method was ELISA; positive results were confirmed by IFA [immunofluorescence assay]. Subjects with positive results on both ELISA and IFA were regarded as HHV-8 cases. Overall, 20 hemodialysis patients [16.9%], 16 HIV individuals [45.7%] and 5 blood donors [2%] had HHV-8 antibodies. Analysis with ?2 tests did not show any significant association with sex [p=0.24], blood transfusion or the number of transfused blood units [p=0.36 and 0.73, respectively]. But there was positive correlation between age and the presence of antibodies [P=0.01]. Serologic prevalence of HHV-8 in blood donors [as apparently healthy individuals] proved to be lower than in other studies and, in some cases, equal to the figures from other countries. The high prevalence of HHV-8 antibodies in HIV positive individuals may be partly attributed to high-risk sexual behavior and repeated exposure to pathogenic agents. The higher prevalence of HHV-8 antibodies in hemodialysis patients as compared to blood donors [normal individuals] may be related to specific dialysis procedures or multiple transfusions with the resulting potential for infection

alteration of liver function indices in rat infected with Toxoplasma gondii [RH strain]

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii. The migration of the parasite in blood as well as some organs like liver may cause some changes in physiological and biochemical indices in infected individuals. These may change the level of some indices like urea, total bilirubin, total protein, and albumin. The present investigation was conducted to study alteration of some liver functional indices of rats which were experimentally infected with Toxoplasma gondii. 80 non-infected rats and 60 non-infected mice were selected. Rats were divided into two groups of 60 test and 20 control rats. The test group was infected intraperitoneally with 5xl0[4] tachyzoites. Every 3 days for 60 days, three rats from test group and one rat from control group were bled. Standard techniques were used for urea, bilirubin, total protein and albumin tests. In addition, the livers of infected rats were searched biologically for presence of the parasite using intrapritoneal injection in mice method. The results indicated that, Toxoplasma cyst was present in the liver of infected rats within 6 to 27 days post infection. The parasite disappeared in liver after 28 days of infection. Biochemical results indicated that, urea from 6[th] to 60[th] day, total bilirubin from 6[th] to 27[th] day, albumin and total protein from 6[th] to 12[th] day post infection were increased but decreased to normal values afterward. Generally, temporary alteration of some biochemical indices during experimental infection of rat with toxoplasmosis may occur. The alteration mainly is due to the parasite migration to various tissues of the animal and it shifts to the normal condition following cyst formation in brain or muscles

Effective factors on students academic attrition in lorestan university of medical sciences

The aim of this research is to determine the factors contributing to academic attrition among day - course students of Lorestan university of medical sciences. In this case - control study all the day - course students who had at least one semester of an average mark under 12 in academic year 2000-2001 were chosen and then the same number of students with an average mark over 15 were selected randomly as control group. Data gathered using GHQ questionnaire for measurement of mental health and study satisfaction questionnaire, as well as variables such as average mark, family economic status and their study files information which are saved in computer were used too. of all students participated in this study, 41 students had been failed during last year, including 24 females [58.54%] and 17 males [41.46%] considering the proportion of female and male students, academic attrition in male students [6.69%], in comparison with female students, [3.66%] is higher. From viewpoint of age, it was determined that there were a negative correlation between age and average mark [r = -0.49]. Analysis of results showed that there exist relationship between marital status and academic attrition [p < 0.05], but no relation found between accommodation place [dormitory andnon - dormitory] and academic attrition. From 41 failed students, 16 cases [40%] were students of medicine and the least rate of academic attrition related to student of anesthesia. There was a significant difference between case and control groups from viewpoint of anxiety [p < 0.05]. Results indicate that failure rate is observed more among Shahed quota students. No significant relationship was there between satisfaction from field of study and average mark. And between socio- economic level and academic attrition there was 0.18 correlation. Regarding the above mentioned results, academic attrition in students is a multi-factorial phenomenon and different factors such as students' mental health during study in university must be taken into account, and also it is suggested to exert age limitation from certain fields of study such medicine because results of this study showed that there is a negative relation between age and academic attrition

[ amount of mirthfulness and its relation with self-reliance in students of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences]

Mirthfulness is a new psychological concept which has been less taken into consideration so far. The studies and carried out researches about joyance and mirthfulness are too less than those about depression, anxiety and other similar phenomena. The aim of this research was to study the amount of mirthfulness of the students of Lorestan university of medical sciences and its relation with self-reliance. In this cross-sectional study 150 day students were selected using systematic random sampling. To carry out the research two measurement instruments of mirthfulness and self-reliance rate were used. The questionnaire used for mirthfulness, is the short from of Mirthfulness Scale which has been made by Oxford university psychologists in 1989. To measure self-reliance, a questionnaire including 25 questions with two choices of Yes, No, was used. Gathered data were analyzed using SPSS software. Data analysis showed that 19.3% of the students had a low amount of mirthfulness. The amount of mirthfulness of 62% of them was acceptable and 18.7% had a good amount of mirthfulness. From view point of self-reliance 29.33% of the students had a low self-reliance, 58% had a fair self-reliance and only 12.67% had a good and high selfreliance. Between the amount of mirthfulness in terms of field of study there was no significant difference; but between self-reliance in terms of field of study there was a significant difference [P<0.01], There was no significant difference between self-reliance in terms of sex, but between the amount of mirthfulness and sex there was a significant difference [P<0.02]. Between the amount of mirthfulness and self-reliance there was a significant correlation [r=0.58]. Regarding the obtained performing preventive and treating programs in order to health promote the amount of mirthfulness among students can lead to improve the level of mental and consequently to promote students' study performance

Bone marrow culture versus widal tests in the diagnosis of typhoid fever as a cause of fever of undetermined origin

Widal tests are widely used in the routine work-up of febrile patients. Most of the patients with typhoid fever are diagnosed early in their course and only a few, especially partially treated patients' become FUO. cases. In such patients the yield of Widal tests and early blood culture is little, if any. This is due to undue antibiotic trial for any febrile patient. Repeated Widal tests are usually part of routine investigations in a patient with FUO, but it seems that most of these tests are useless. It appears that only two widal are justified, one performed prior to labelling a patient an FUO and another in the second week of investigations. In addition it must be remembered that early bone marrow culture and repeated blood cultures later in the hospital course are the mainstay of the diagnosis of typhoid in FUO