ABSTRACT
Developmental dysgraphia is a kind of learning disabilities in school students. Evaluation of the sensory and motor skills in hand of these persons by appropriate, functional and real tests demonstrates that their fine and complex hand sensory-motor abilities are prerequisites of intervention planning. Purdue Pegboard and Two-Point Discrimination Tests are used for evaluation of the hand motor and sensory skills respectively. This study was aimed to evaluate the test-retest reliability of these tests in students with developmental dysgraphia. In this descriptive-analytic study hand sensory-motor skills were evaluated in 23 students with developmental dysgraphia [8-11 years] in Tabriz city by Purdue Pegboard and static and moving Two-Point Discrimination tests. Test-retest reliability of mentioned tests was done between and within examiners via intra-class correlation coefficient and independent t-test was done for the comparison of the skills between girls and boys and right and left-handed students and Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated for the relationship between motor and sensory skills. Intra-class correlation coefficients of Purdue Pegboard, static and moving two-point discrimination tests for inter-session and intra-session reliability were ranged from 0.77 to 0.94 and 0.69 to 0.92 respectively. There was no significant relationship between motor and sensory skills [p>0.05. Because of high reliability of these tests, it can be used them for evaluating the sensory-motor skills and intervention planning in students with developmental dysgraphia. Loss of relationship between motor and sensory skills can be related to the pathology of dysgraphia that needs further researches
ABSTRACT
Background and Purpose: Rumination is one of the effective factors on the onset and maintenance Major Depression Disorder [MDD]. Thus, the present study was conducted to compare the rumination and its components in normal subjects and patients with Major Depression Disorder [MDD] Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder [OCD] and Generalized Anxiety Disorder [GAD]
Methods and Materials: In this cross-sectional, descriptive analytical study, 28 patients with GAD, 28 patients with OCD, 28 patients with MDD and 28 normal individuals were selected through convenient sampling method. The participants completed Rumination Responses Scale [RRS]. Data were analyzed by SPSS-16 using Multivariate Analysis of Variance [MANOVA]
Results: Mean rumination score in MDD, OCD, GAD and normal subjects were 62.36?13.38, 63.50?12.76, 54.79?15.60 and 44.57?15.25 respectively. The result showed that there are significant differences in the mean rumination scores and its components across the four groups [P<0.05]
Conclusion: The result showed that rumination occurs in both clinical and non-clinical populations, and its incidence is not confined to any specific psychopathology
ABSTRACT
The medicinal use of onion dates back to ancient China and India. Men with epilepsy have reduced fertility, and antiepileptic drugs may affect semen quality. Disturbances of reproductive endocrine hormones are more often found in men with epilepsy than in the general population. There is an ongoing debate whether this can be attributed to chronic use of antiepileptic drugs or to the epilepsy itself. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the beneficial degree of sexual behavior in male rats after inducement onion in lamotrigine receiving groups. Forty wistar rats, randomized into four groups [n=10], were used for this study, five of them male and five of them female. Animals in Group A served as the control and was drinking distilled water. Animals in Groups B: treated with 3cc/rat of onion juice, in Groups C: received10mg/kg/day lamotrigine, in Groups D: received10mg/kg/day lamotrigine plus 3cc/rat of onion juice. In All treatments were for 5 weeks. 48 hours before end of study estradiol benzoate [25 micro gr/kg/day, s.c.] and 6 hours before end of study progesterone 0.3muM were injected. Results showed the percentage of erections and couplings and serum testosterone in onion treated groups were significantly increased [p<0.01] when compared to other groups. onion and its constituents are stated to has antioxidant. Enhanced oxidative stress and changes in antioxidant capacity are considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis in diseases. These findings lead to the conclusion that onion significantly lowered the adverse effects of lamotrigine, and can do beneficial effect on sexual behavior in male rat