ABSTRACT
Gluten sensitive enteropathy [celiac disease [CD]] has a strong association with diabetes mellitus [type 1DM]. Since, 2-3% of CD patients have selective IgA deficiency, the majority of the available tests may fail to show the auto-antibodies [the IgA endomysial antibody [EMA]. To prevent such a false negativity, a new Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay [ELISA] test has been introduced to detect both IgG and IgA antibodies reactive with tissue transglutaminase [tTG], an autoantigen in CD patients. This study has been conducted to detect celiac disease among Sudanese patients with type 1 autoimmune diabetes using anti-tissue transglutinamase antibodies as a diagnostic tool. Samples were collected from sixty nine randomly selected patients [38 males and 31 females] and their age ranged between 3-22 years with DM type 1 who were attending the outpatient clinics in Gabir Abu Eliz diabetic Center and Omdurman Pediatric Emergency Hospital. Blood samples were collected from 25 healthy individuals as controls. Levels of tTG specific IgA, tTG specific IgG and anti-endomysial antibodies of IgA class were measured in sera collected from both cases and from controls. All the results were analyzed using Statistical Packages of Social Sciences [SPSS] version 17 and MicroSoft office excel. Seven out of 69 patients with DM type 1 [10.1%] were identified as having CD using IgG anti-tTG and 5 [7.2%] of them were positive for IgA anti-tTG and IgA anti-endomysial antibodies. The mean of both anti-tTG IgA and IgG titers were higher in diabetic patients [M +/- SD = 12.30 +/- 41.0 and 7.2 +/- 13.1 respectively] when compared with the control group [M +/- SD =1.8 +/- 1.1 and 1.8 +/- 0.9 respectively], however, only anti-tTG IgG antibodies titer achieved statistical significance. The present study revealed that patients with DM type I have an increased tendency to develop CD. The increased association of CD and selective IgA deficiency is a potential source of false-negative IgA, therefore testing for IgG class autoantibodies is recommended if celiac disease is suspected. Antibodies to tTG antigen fall once a gluten-free diet has begun, thus facilitating monitoring of dietary compliance. Thus, anti-tTG antibodies are highly sensitive marker for celiac disease with 95- 100% sensitivty, and specificity of 90 to 97%
ABSTRACT
The effect of different reconstitution vehicles on the stability of ampicillin oral powders was studied. Distilled water, tap water and well water were used for powder reconstitution. The suspensions were stored at 350C that representing the average room temperature in Sudan. The stability of the drug in suspension was tested daily over a period of seven days. The drug contents in the samples were determined using the cup- plate agar diffusion technique and chemical spectrophotometric method. The obtained results, represented the means of 10-20 determinations. The study revealed a higher degradation extent in the ampicillin oral powders reconstituted with water obtained from wells, followed by tap water when compared with the slower rate of degradation in the oral antibiotic that reconstituted with distilled water. In an attempt to decrease the destabilizing effect of the reconstitution vehicles on the daily used oral antibiotic powders, the authors suggested to use such formulae in a single-dose sachet form to be used instantly after reconstitution
Subject(s)
Pharmaceutical Vehicles , Powders , Drug Stability , Water , SuspensionsABSTRACT
Fourteen patients with distal femoral fractures had been treated by condylar buttress plating [CBP] between May 1997 and February 2001 at Assiut University Hospital. There were eight males and six females with an average age of 45 years. Eleven fractures were closed and three were open. The indications for CBP were fractures with articular comminution and fractures with coronal plane element in addition to the sagittal plane element [AO-type C3], fractures extending to less than 3 cm from the joint line with short distal fragment for angled blade-plate fixation, and the presence of comminution of the site of entry for condylar plate. The surgical technique had respected the biological principles in all cases with modification of the approach to be transarticular-minimally invasive in four cases. No bone graft was done in any case even in the presence of medial comminution. All cases united with time to union ranging from 12 to 24 weeks [average 16 weeks]. According to Neer's score, the results were excellent in seven cases, satisfactory in five cases and unsatisfactory in two cases