Effect of moderate aerobic training on bone metabolism indices among adult humans

This study assessed the osteogenic effect [T-Score] and changes in bone markers in healthy subjects by 12-weeks of aerobic training. Total 65 healthy subjects [36 males, 29 females], their age ranged between 30 and 60 years with normal body mass index, were recruited to participate in this study and they were selected among healthy subjects who do not have any metabolic disorders and were not receiving any medication that could affect the bone turnover. Standardized physical examination and collection of serum samples were performed at base line and after 12 weeks of moderate aerobic training to measure bone formation markers [osteocalcin [OC] and bone specific alkaline Phosphatase [BAP] and bone resorption marker Deoxypyridinoline [DPD], and serum calcium. Each subject participated in exercise training program for 12 weeks, three times per week. The results showed that the 12 weeks of moderate aerobic training produced a significant improvement in all bone metabolism indices including Serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, serum osteocalcin, serum free Calcium and bone mineral density among all subjects. Moderate intensity of aerobic training exerts significant positive effects on bone formation marker and bone density associated with a significant decrease in the rate of bone resorption that could assist in preventing or decelerating osteoporosis

Hazardous effects of electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phones on the brain and cochlea of albino rats: role of melatonin and vitamin C

The wide spread of mobile phone communication raises questions about the effects of electromagnetic fields [EMFs] on the human body. The objective of this study was to examine effects of exposure to radio frequency EMFs emitted by mobile phones on the brain and cochlea, and to investigate the role of melatonin and vitamin C on these effects in adult rats. Forty two adult albino rats were randomly grouped into 7 groups [six rats each]. Group I [Negative control], Group II [Sham-operated without exposure to EMR], Group III [rats treated with melatonin], Group IV [rats treated with vitamin C], Group V [Exposed group, rats were exposed to mobile phone radiation, Group VI [Exposed and treated with melatonin] and Group VII [Exposed and treated with Vit C]. Groups V, VI and VII were exposed to mobile phone radiation for 60 min/day, for 30 days using an experimental exposure device. Glutathione [GSH] level and superoxide dismutase enzyme [SOD] activity in brain tissue and blood, gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA] and norepinephrine [NE] levels in the brain tissue and serum corticosterone level were estimated in all examined groups. Histopathological examination of brain tissue and cochleae [organ of Corti] by light microscope was also performed for all groups. The results of the study revealed that exposure to mobile phone radiations induced significant decrease in GSH level and SOD enzyme activity in brain tissue and blood, decrease GABA levels and increase NE levels in brain tissue, and significant increase in serum corticosterone level. Brain tissue of exposed rats revealed small dispersed neurons with dark swollen nuclei in undifferentiated layers of the cerebral cortex, deeply stained swollen nuclei of Purkinje cells and hypocelularity of granular layer with disorganization of molecular layer of cerebellum and degenerated neurons with dark pyknotic and swollen nuclei on both sides the dentate gyrus of hippocampus. Complete destruction of all cells of the organ of Corti and neurons of spiral ganglion was noticed in the exposure group. Co-administration of melatonin or Vit. C throughout the exposure period showed significant increase in the levels of GSH, SOD enzyme activity in brain tissue and blood, increase GABA and decrease in NE levels in brain tissue and significant decrease in serum corticosterone level compared to exposed group. Furthermore, brain and organ of Corti of rats exposed to mobile phone and treated with melatonin showed nearly normal structure. While, co-administration of Vit. C throughout the exposure period showed mild protection of brain tissue and organ of Corti. Mobile phone radiations induced both biologically and histopathologically deleterious effects on the brain tissues and organ of Corti, these effects were ignorantly reversed nearly to normal with co-administration of melatonin, while mild reverse was noticed with co-administration of Vit. C. It is recommended to use antioxidants for mobile phone users especially those who use it for long periods, and to decrease the calls period as much as possible

Toxic interactions between amiodarone and both aspirin and warfarin in adult albino rats

Amiodarone is the drug of choice in the treatment of atrial fibrillation and other forms of tachyarrhythmia. It is usually combined with anticoagulants and antiplatelets. Drug interactions are a common event in medical practice and occur more frequently than is clinically recognized. This study aimed to explore the possible interactions between amiodarone and both aspirin and warfarin. Sixty adult male albino rats were used and divided into 6 groups [n=l0]; control group was given distilled water, aspirin group was given aspirin [7.5 mg/kg/day], warfarin group was given warfarin [0.9 mg/kg/day], amiodarone group was given amiodarone [18 mg/kg/day], amiodarone plus aspirin group was given amiodarone and aspirin in the same previous doses and amiodarone plus warfarin group was given amiodarone and warfarin as previously. All drugs were given orally daily for two weeks. At the end of the experiment, thyroid function represented by serum triiodothyronine [T3] and thyroxine [T4] were measured by radioimmunoassay. In addition serum thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH] by chemiluminescnce [immunoassay]. Serum aspirin, warfarin and amiodarone levels by HPLC method, prothrombin time [PT] and international nornialized ratio [INR] were also determined. Histopathological examination of thyroid glands by light microscope was also performed. The results of the study revealed that amiodarone either alone or combined with aspirin or warfarin increased serum T4 levels and decreased serum T3 and TSH levels. Amiodarone/aspirin combination represented the highest increase in T4.While, amiodarone /warfarin combination represented the marked decrease in serum T3 and TSH levels. Moreover, serum amiodarone level was non significantly increased in amiodarone /aspirin group and highly increased in amiodarone /warfarin group. Serum warfarin level was also increased in amiodarone /warfarin group. Histopathological examination of thyroid glands showed signs of thyrotoxicosis in amiodarone either alone or combined with aspirin or warfarin groups that revealed lymphocyte infiltration, lymphoid follicles, vacuolated colloid and papillary folds of the acinar epithelium. The pathological changes were more severe in amiodarone/warfarin group that showed destructed acini, degenerative changes and fibrosis. Moreover, prothrombin time [PT] and INR were highly increased in amiodarone/ warfarin combination group and slightly increased in aspirin, warfarin, amiodarone and amiodarone/aspirin groups. Amiodarone/warfarin combination led to increase in serum amiodarone level and its thyrotoxic effect. Also this combination led to increase in serum warfarin and augmented its anticoagulant effect to great extent represented by elevated PT and INR. While amiodarone /aspirin combination represented less effect on thyroid gland and PT and INR. It is recommended to asses thyroid function regularly and should be performed at short intervals when amiodarone combined with anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy, in order to detect AM induced hypo- or hyperthyroidism. Also, frequent monitoring of PT and INR with modification of the dose especially of warfarin as controlled by measuring PT and INR

Anatomical and histological study of human lower esophageal segment

This study was undertaken to determine the anatomical characters of the lower esophageal segment [LES] in man and to establish a correlation between these anatomical features and their physiological properties. Manometric studies of LES were performed in 25 normal volunteers. The end expiratory fundic pressure was taken as zero reference and all values were expressed in mm Hg. The manometric characteristics of the lower esophageal segment were determined. The LES length was measured and divided into four equal quarters. Upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy was performed in 12 normal volunteers using Olympus gastrointestinal fibroptic endoscope GIF-K2 type. Twenty-one human specimens were used for gross anatomical studies of muscular thickness and architecture of the LES using microdissection techniques. For histological examination, 22 adult normal human specimens were used; 10 for longitudinal and 12 for transverse sections. . They were proceeded for paraffin sections and stained with haematoxylin and eosin and Verhoeff's stains. Endoscopic examination showed a sharp line of demarcation between the pinkish mucosa of the stomach and the grayish mucosa of the esophagus. Manometric study showed a higher pressure zone at the LES of the esophagus. The length of this high pressure zone is variable from subject from subject to another. There is an axial asymmetry in the pressure of LES. The pressure is higher in the middle two quarters of the LES than the cranial and caudal quarters. Microdissection and histological techniques showed asymmetry in the thickness of the inner circular muscle layer of the LES. The area of maximum thickness is considered as the gastro-es0phageal ring [GER]. The thickness of the circular muscle layer is tapered above and below the GER i.e there is axial asymmetry. The degree of thickness of the circular muscle layer is variable in relation to the different Walls of the the LES i.e there is radial asymmetry. There was close correlation between manometric records and muscular thickness in the LES. The area of maximum pressure in the middle part of LES coincided with the area of highest thickness of the inner circular muscle layer at the gastroesophageal ring [GER]. The extent of this muscular thickness is equal to the length of the high pressure zone. The lower esophageal sphincter is not a ring sphincter due to the presence of radial asymmetry in the circular muscle layer. In addition, there is an axial asymmetry in the thickness of inner circular muscle layer. The asymmetric muscular thickening at the gastro-esophageal junction is mirrored in the manometric images of the lower esophageal high pressure zone. Manometric assessment of the lower esophageat segment, therefore, reflects muscular structure and architecture of the human gastro-esophageal junction

Effect of some sterilization treatments and growth regulators on Ruscus hypoglossum L.

This study has been undertaken at Tissue Culture Lab., El-Zoharya Bot. Garden, Ministry of Agric., Egypt, and Fac. of Agric. Cairo Univ., during the period 2001-2004 to study the effect of sterilization treatments on percentage of free of contamination explants and the effect of benzyladenine [BA], Kinetin [Kin] and Thidiazuron [TDZ] and different combinations of benzyladenine [BA] and Kinetin [Kin] on shooting behavior and chemical composition of Ruscus hypoglossum L. The best treatment which can be recommended to obtain free of contamination explants was 50 or 60% chlorox with 0.4% mercuric chloride [M.C.].The addition of BA at 1.5 mg/l in MS medium produced the highest number of shoots/explant. Increasing the number of subcultures significantly increased the number of shootlets, shootlet length, and number of leaves per explant. Using MS medium supplemented with 6.0 mg/l Kin gave the longest shoots, and the highest number of leaves. Using MS supplemented with TDZ at 4.5 mg/l produced the highest amounts of chlorophyll-A, and carotenoids, while TDZ at 6.0 mg/l produced the highest amount of chlorophyll-B. The highest content of indoles was produced by using MS medium supplemented with TDZ at 3.0 mg/l. Using 1.5 mg/L BA + 2.0 mg/l Kin produced the highest number of shootlets per explant, shoot length and number of leaves. Using MS medium free hormones [control] increased the amount of chlorophyll-A to the highest value, but the highest amount of chlorophyll-B and carotenoids was produced by using MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/l BA + 2.0 mg/l Kin. The amount of indoles was increased to the highest amount by using MS 7nedium supplemented with 1.5 mg/l BA + 2.0 mg/l Kin. While total soluble phenols reached to the highest amount by using MS medium supplemented with 6.0 mg/l BA + 2.0 mg/l Kin

Effect of MS-salt strength, sucrose and IBA concentration and acclimatization media on Ruscus hypoglossum L. micropropagation

This study was carried out at Tissue Culture Lab., El-Zoharya Bot. Garden, Ministry of Agric., Egypt, and Fac. of Agric. Cairo Univ., during the period 2001 -2004 to study the effect of MS salts strength, sucrose, IBA and activated charcoal on shooting behavior, chemical composition of shootlets and rooting of Ruscus hypoglossum. The effect of some growing media during adaptation stage was also studied. Using MS medium at full salt strength produced the highest number of shoots. Increasing the number of subcultures significantly increased the number of shootlets, shootlet length, and leaves per shootlet. Using MS medium at ½ and ¼ strength increased the shootlet contents of chlorophyll-A and carotenoids to the highest values. Culturing Ruscus explants on 1/4 MS strength medium produced the greatest amount of indoles. Using 30 and 40 gm sucrose/l gave the highest number of shoots and leaves per shoot. While the highest shootlet length was produced by using 50 gm sucrose/l. Increasing the number of subcultures significantly increased the number of shoots, shootlet length, and number of leaves per shootlet. Using 10 and 30 gm sucrose /l produced the highest amount of chlorophyll-A. Using 10, 20, 30 and 40 gm sucrose /l produced the highest amount of total indoles and total soluble phenols.MS. medium at ½ strength supplemented with IBA at 2.0 mg/l was the most effective treatment in increasing the number of roots / shootlet. The highest number of roots was recorded with 50 gm/7 sucrose with activated charcoal. The longest root and shoot were recorded with 55 gm/l sucrose, while the highest number of leaves was recorded with 40 gm/7 sucrose. Adding activated charcoal to sucrose concentrations was the best treatment to obtain the longest root and shootlet, while the highest number of leaves per shootlet was shown with treatments without activated charcoal. During adaptaion the tallest plants and the greatest number of leaves were observed when using the peat moss as a growing medium, where the survival percentage was 100 %

Effect of supplementation with zinc and iron on growth, development and morbidity in infants in an urban neighborhood in Cairo, Egypt

Iron and zinc are trace minerals that are of critical importance to the young infant for normal growth and development.To investigate the effect of zinc and iron supplementation on growth and mental performance in infants. This study is a r and omized controlled trial conducted in an old crowded district in Cairo, Egypt. At baseline 119 infants aged 4 months [ +/- 15 days] randomly assigned to receive 5ml per day of either supplement A [multivitamins with zinc and iron added] or supplement B [multivitamins without zinc and iron]. Infants were examined clinically and anthropometric measures [weight, length and knee-heel] were taken. They were followed up for history taking [diet and morbidity], clinical examination and anthropometric measurements every 15 days till the age of 10 months +/- 2 weeks. Mental and Motor development were assessed at baseline [4 months] and at the end of the study [10 month +/- 2 weeks] using the Bayley Scale of Infant Development [BSID II]. The study was single blinded for clinical and growth assessment, while it was double blinded for developmental evaluation.Infants included in the study were those who had at least 3 recordings of anthropometric measurements [n=69 infants]. Repeated measures ANOVA test was used to compare differences between the groups, change with time, and group and time interaction. At the end of the study the zinc and iron supplemented group showed a slight but insignificant rise in anthropometric measurements. Developmental performance [MDI and PDI] also showed an insignificant rise at the end of the study in the supplemented group. Change with time is the same in both groups, differences between groups is the same at each time period. Comparison of growth rate between the two groups showed a trend towards increased velocity of all growth parameters in the zinc and iron supplemented group, however the difference between the two groups is not significant. Comparison of number of episodes of fever, upper respiratory tract infection [URTI] lower respiratory tract infection [LRTI] and diarrhea between the two groups showed no statistical differences, though we could see an increase in the percent number of infants with morbidity [except for URTI] in the group not supplemented with iron and zinc.Infants in both groups gained weight and length similar to reference data. In spite of this, we see a trend towards increased velocity of weight in the zinc and iron supplemented group as compared to the non-supplemented group. This is also associated with an apparent decrease in morbidity in the supplemented group

Routine care of normal deliveries as applied in Syrian maternity wards

routine practices during normal childbirth have not been studied in Syria. Our study was designed to describe the routines of normal childbirth as practiced in maternity wards in Syrian hospitals and to assess whether these routines are in accordance with the best evidence-based practices. a nationally representative sample of 57 hospitals was visited: 33 were government hospitals and 24 were private hospitals. The personnel in charge were interviewed using a specially designed questionnaire that covered both management and technical points. only 2 of the 57 hospitals had a written policy concerning childbirth, although 29 had a written breast-feeding policy. All except two hospitals reported the capability of doing a cesarean section at any time. Results on hospital routines are presented in the light of the available best-evidence guidelines. the study highlights the urgent necessity to formulate a national policy for care in normal birth. This policy needs to be designed bearing in mind the best evidence available and the nature of the national setting

Study of some renal function tests in epileptic children on antiepileptic drug monotherapy

In the present study we tried to verify the renal function status in epileptic children at diagnosis and 4 months following AED monotherapy. This study was carried out on 45 children, 27 males and 18 females aged 5-16 years, suffering from different types of freshly diagnosed epilepsy. They were classified into 3 groups: Group 1: Consisted of 15 patients treated by carbamazepine [CBZ] [Tegretol] monotherapy. Group II: Consisted of 15 patients treated by sodium valproate [VPA] [Depakine] monotherapy. Group Ill: Consisted of 15 patients treated by phenytoin [PHE] [Epanutin] monotherapy. In addition 20 healthy children of matched age and sex, products of nonepileptic families, with normal hepatic and renal function tests, served as a control group. All children included in this study were subjected to the following: determination of fasting blood urea, estimation of fasting serum creatinine, estimation of creatinine clearance, determination of urinary albumin/24 hours, urinary N-acetyl-8-D-glucosaminidase [NAG]/24h and urinary alpha-1 microglobulin [alpha-1MG]/24h. Our results revealed the following: Normal renal glomerular and tubular function tests in patients before therapy. Normal renal glomerular function tests [blood urea nitrogen serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, routine urine analysis and 24 hr urinary albumin] in all patients after AED therapy. Significant increase in urinary NAG was observed in all patient groups after therapy and this increase was highest in patients receiving valproate monotherapy. Significant increases in urinary alpha-1MG in patients receiving carbamazepine or phenytoin with no change following VPA therapy were recorded

Soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule - 1 [s. VCAM - 1] A marker of vascular dysfunction and progressive vascular diseases in diabetic patients

Advanced glycation endproducts [AGEs] which accumulate in diabetic vasculature results in enhanced expression of endothelial cell associated vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 [VCAM-1] as well as release of soluble form of VCAM-1 [s.VCAM-1] into culture supernatant. The present work was designed to study plasma s.VCAM-1 concentration in diabetic patients and its relation to microalbuminuria, to study the hypothesis that s.VCAM-1 in diabetic plasma might reflect early vascular perturbation in diabetic vasculopathy. Diabetic patients with microalbuminuria [patients at risk for vascular complication] had increased s.VCAM-1 when compared to diabetic patients without microalbuminuria [p < 0.05] and when compared to control [p < 0.05]. In conclusion, s.VCAM-1 can serve as a marker of ongoing vascular perturbation in diabetic patients and it may be of potential benefit in the assessment of success of therapeutic intervention intended to minimize vascular injury

Risk factors for hyperlipidemia in children 6-12 years in an urban neighborhood in Cairo

This study was conducted to assess dietary, familial and environmental factors that may lead to hyperlipidemia in children. The studied factors were family history of cardiovascular risk factors, dietary intake, blood pressure, anthropometric measurements and physical exercises. It was concluded that in young children [6 - 12 years old] higher serum levels of TC, LDLC and TG are associated with higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, overweight for age and less physical exercises which are all considered risk factors for premature cardiovascular diseases in later life

postnatal development of the visual cortex of albino rat and inorganic lead

Albino rats were used in the present study. Two groups of pregnant female animals, one served as control and other as experimental. The experimental mothers were fed with chow, tap water and libitum and 1% lead carbonate, from the first day of parturition. The pups from both groups were taken at the postnatal ages of 3, 9, 12, 15 and 21 days from both groups. Brains were extracted and fixed in 10% neutral formalin. The primary visual cortex was located according to Krieg [1946] map. It was processed for histological technique. Sagittal sections were cut at 10 u thick and stained with Einarsons gallocyanine. This study showed that the development of rat visual cortex is competed about day 21, when the neurons achieve their mature appearance as indicated by the increased size of cell body and nuclei; differentiation of the cells; the nuclei became vesicular with prominent nucleoli and increase Nissl's granules and there was also an increase in thickness of the cortex and a decreased packing of the neurons. The offsprings of rats fed on the inorganic lead starting from day 89, had an extensive changes compared to age matched control. Stratification of the visual cortex comes less distinct all over the ages used. Maturation of layer V and layer II/III is delayed. There is also cavitation, and neurocytic chromatolysis which is pronounced at day 12 and is clearly distinct at day 15. Pericapillary and capillary dilatation are noticed

Effects of infra red laser on the synovium of mice an experimental study

The knee joint of 15 mice were exposed to daily doses of infra-red laser. Five animals were killed after 10, 20 and 30 days of application with an equal number of age matched controls. Histological examination was carried out on paraffin sections stained with Hx, and E. The number of villar profiles of the synovial membrane in the joint were calculated. The volume and surface densities of the synovial membrane in the joint were calculated using stereological techniques. The vascularization of the synovial membrane was also examined. It was found that laser had an enhancing effect on the number of villar profiles, volume and surface densities of the synovial membrane all over the ages. Also, it had an enhancing effect on the vascularization of the synovial membrane all over the ages. The growth pattern of the synovial membrane was preserved. It was concluded that laser application, in therapeutic doses, did not disturb the structural architecture of the synovial membrane and has an enhancing effect on the growth pattern of the synovial membrane

study of dendritic bundling and its postnatal development in the primary visual cortex [area 17]

This study was done on 49 ablino rats which were divided into 7 groups at day 0, 3,6, 12,15,21postnatally and adult stage. Tissues were prepared using the two stage procedure for fixation. Their brains were removed and the primary visual cortex was located according to Krieg's maps [1949]. Embedding was done in plastic. Sectioning with ultramicrotome at coronal level to know the complete thickness of the cortex, layering of the cortex was done according to Miller [1981] the block was remounted and cut tangentially from the pail surface down to white matter. Some measurements were done which include: thickness of apical dendrites, number of dendrites forming the dendritic cluster, distance between center to center clusters and cell size to neuropil ratio. This work showed that the visual cortex, in coronal section is formed of the usual six layers of neurons and clarified that the apical dendrites of layer V, neurons are not constructed in a haphazard manner. In tangential sections at the level of layer IV. The number of dendrites making up the clusters is variable and so the spacing between center to center clusters according the age used where at day 0 and day 3 stage, no bundling of dendrites could be noticed, only abundant fine dendrites were randomly disposed in between neurons. At day 6 to day 12 stage, a loose bundle-like order observed. At day 15 and 21 stage, a loose bundle-like order observed. At day 15 and 21 stage, dendritic bundling became clearly distinct. The mean distance between dendritic clusters, at days 12, 15, 21 and adult were as follows: 28, 35, 47 and 50 the 50 micro successively. This could be attributed to maturation of the neuropil. Why does bundling occur

Prenatal Development of the hippocampus of Boscat rabbit

The hippocampal primordium was first observed at day 22 of the prenatal age. Ammon's horn showed four layers, namely the matrix, intermediate, cortical and marginal layers. The dentate gyrus was only formed of a mass of cells caping the cortical plate. The development of Ammon's horn appeared to exceed that of the dentate gyrus at all ages. The pyramidal neurons of Ammon's horn started to show processes formation as early as day 24. At day 30 most of these cells showed such feature. The dentate granule cells failed to show this processes formation at the early stage and at day 30 only few cells were mature enough to show this feature. The dorsal lip of dentate gyrus showed more advanced development than the ventral lip in all stages. The cells of the vengral lip succeeded to form a definite granular layer at day 30 while such layer was clearly observed at the dorsal lip at day 26. the cells of the dorsal lip showed more advanced maturation than those of the ventral lip at any examined age. It wass concluded that the development of the hippocampus of Boscat rabbits follows the same general rules reported in different other species

Rapid-sequence endotracheal in tubation using high-dose vecuronium in children

Rapid-sequence endotracheal intubation is used to secure the airway in emergency surgical procedures. Succinylcholine is the standard muscle relaxant used for this purpose. However, its use is associated with numerous side effects. Vecuronium bromide was used in high doses, several times the ED95, to induce rapid-sequence intubation in children aiming at reaching a dose that has a short onset time of neuromuscular blockade and at the same time does not, unduly, prolong the duration of action or hinder reversibility by neostigmine. 40 ASA class 1 or 2 children were divided in 4 groups [n = 10] the first three groups received vecuronium in either 0.1, 0.15 or 0.2 mg/kg, while the forth received succinylcholine 1.5 mg/kg. Innervator NS252 was used to stimulate ulnar nerve while myograph 2000 was used to record thumb adduction. TOF at 10 sec. intervals was used to count onset time of neuromuscular blockade which was found to decrease from 103 +/- 35 to 58 +/- 15 seconds as vecuronium dose was increased. The last mean value +/- SD was shorter than onset time of succinylcholine 1.5 mg/kg [60 +/- 18 seconds] with absent significant difference between them [P >0.05]. DBS at 12 second intervals was used during recovery to determine duration of action, recovery index and reversal time. Duration of action was increased from 31 +/- 10 to 40 +/- 13 to 53.7 +/- 17 minutes as vecuronium dose was increased. The longest duration of action was with Vec0.2 mg/kg which was still within the scope of many surgical operations

Some metabolic changes in streptomyces olivaceus and streptomyces parvullus associated with amylase and protease production as affected by nutrient requirements III Effect of different inorganic phosphorous sources

In the majority of cases the dibasic salts appeared to be more favorable than the monobasic ones. Dipotassium phosphate support highest biomass yield and carbohydrate accumulation. The highest protein synthesis in both organisms was observed when culture media were supplemented by Na H2PO4 or [NH4]2 HPO4. The highest amylolytic and proteolytic activities in both strains was maintained when the media were containing K2HPO4 as posphorous source

Some metabolic changes in Streptomyces olivaceus and Streptomyces parvullus associated with amylase and Protease productions as affected by nutrient requirements IV Effect of microelements

The present results indicate that the biomass growth as well as the synthesis of intracellular protein were markedly stimulated by inclusion, in the medium, of Zn2+ or Ni2+ ons. Greater was the carbohydrate accumulation in the myceliat mats. The total carbohydrate content of the differently treated samples in relation ot the amount of sugar absorbed from the various media would indicate parallelism between the two processes, i.e. The higher the sugar uptake the greater was the carbohydrate accumulation in the mycelial mats. Zinc seemed to exert a stimulatory effect on amylase production by the experimental organisms. Lesser and least effect was exerted by iron and nickel respectively. Concerning the protease production by the two organisms, zinc sulfate, followed by ferrous sulfate were more effective than nickel sulfate