[Effect of nano-hydroxyapatite incorporation into resin modified glass ionomer cement on ceramic bracket debonding]

Preventing enamel demineralization around brackets is a concern for orthodontists. Fluoride releasing materials have been recommended to overcome this problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of incorporating nanohydroxyapatite [NHA] into resin modified glass ionomer cements [RMGIC] on ceramic bracket debonding. In this experimental study, 80 human premolars were divided into 4 bonding groups as follows: group 1: Transbond XT [TBXT] [control group], group 2: Fuji II LC [RMGIC], group 3: 5% NHA added to RMGIC and group 4 10% NHA added to RMGIC. After enamel etching, ceramic brackets were bonded. The shear bond strength [SBS] and the adhesive remnant index [ARI] were calculated for each group. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc HSD test and the Kruskal Wallis test. According to ANOVA, 10% NHA added to RMGIC had a significantly lower SBS compared to other groups [11.93 +/- 2.11] but no significant difference was found among the remaining groups. The mean SBS was 17.33 +/- 4.07 MPa in group 1, 17.22 +/- 3.55 MPa in group 2 and 16.56 +/- 2.59 MPa in group 3. According to ARI, the predominant failure mode in RMGIC groups was cohesive. Resin modified glass ionomer cements containing 5% NHA can be as effective as composite resins for bonding ceramic brackets

[Brain death and unusual findings in brain CT scan: a case report]

Many finding in neuroimaging of brain death can mimic other disorders such as subarachnoid hemorrhage [SAH]. Here, we report a case of brain death with a CT scan mimicking SAH. Our patient was a 28 year old man who was transferred to Tohid Hospital because of decreased level of consciousness after drug overuse and also cardiopulmonary arrest. Brain CT scan at the stage of brain death showed increased density at the basal arteries of circle of Willis and deep venous structures which was suggestive of SAH and to lesser degree CVT. Lumbar puncture [L.P] revealed no RBC and WBC in CSF, and D-Dimer [a sensitive test for CVT] was less than 0.5mg/dl. Therefore the findings in the brain CT scan of our patient were associated with extensive thrombosis in the basal arteries and deep veins. Brain CT scan of a brain dead patient can mimic subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral vein thrombosis. Therefore history, clinical findings and paraclinical measures such as CT scan and LP can be useful for proper diagnosis

Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of paracetamol, phenylephrine and chlorpheniramine in pharmaceuticals using chemometric approaches

The linear multivariate calibration models such as principal components regression [PCR] and partial least squares regressions [PLS1 and PLS2] due to the mathematical simplicity and physical or chemical interpretability are sufficient and generally preferred method for analysis of multicomponent drugs. In this study, simultaneous determination of paracetamol, phenylephrine and chlorpheniramine in pharmaceuticals using chemometric methods and UV spectrophotometry is reported as a simple alternative technique. Principal components regression [PCR] and partial least squares regressions [PLS 1 and PLS2] were used for chemometric analyses of data obtained from the spectra of paracetamol, phenylephrine and chlorpheniramine between wavelengths of 200 to 400 nm at several concentrations within their linear ranges. The analytical performance of these chemometric methods were characterized by relative prediction errors and recoveries [%] and compared with each other. PCR, PLS1 and PLS2 were successfully applied to a tablet formulation, with no interference from excipients as indicated by the recovery. However, the PLS1 shows better results due to its flexibility and mathematical principals. The proposed methods are simple and rapid requiring no separation step, and can be easily used as an alternative in the quality control of drugs

Study of pharyngeal and esophageal foreign bodies in adults in Tabriz Imam Khomeini hospital during 10 years [1373-1383]

Foreign body swallowing is a common problem in adults and because of its complications, it is an emergency case. The rate of mortality due to foreign body swallowing has decreased by medical developments. Because of its complications, it requires to be diagnosed and treated earlier and this is provide by history, physical examination, radiological studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate pharyngeal and eophageal foreign bodies in Adults in Tabriz Imam Khomeini Hospital. This study has been done on the base of medical documents of patients in the hospital. 210 patients hospitalized in Tabriz Imam Khomeini hospital with foreign body swallowing during 10 years [1373-1383] have been studied. In this study there were 210 patients, 100 women [47.6%] and 110 men [52.3%], ranging in age from 19 to 79 years. The most symptoms were Dysphagia [76.1%] and odynophagia [68.06%]. The most involved site was the proximal of esophagus under cricopharyngeal muscle and occurred in 137[65.2%] cases. The most common foreign body was bone in this study, 4.2% of cases had underlying esophageal disease. We found that delay in diagnosis or the reference of patients cause many complications such as perforation of esophagus, mediastinitis or abcess that occurred in 2 [0.9%] Cases. The complications related to endoscopy occurred in 3 [14%] Cases that were the vascular injuries, pneumothorax and mediastinitis. Our study has some similarities and differences with other studies carried out in the developed countries. We found that rigid endoscopy is reliable and cost- effective technique. The early references of patients, necessary facilities and more attention in special techniques such as endoscopy cause to decrease the secondary complication such as perforation of esophagus. We expect that physician select the true and sufficient way to treat patients with foreign body swallowing

Naltrxone maintenance treatment of opium dependents and its relation with demographics and psychological factors

This project was conducted to appraise the role of naltrexone drug and its relation with the demographics and psychological factors in relapse prevention of opium addicts post the detoxification phase. In this cross-sectional study, 107 male opium dependents who had received detoxification treatment at the dual diagnosis ward of Shahid Beheshti Hospital of Kerman were educated about naltrexone maintenance treatment. The continuum of naltrexone consumption by the subjects was followed up via telephone contacts one month and once again in three months after hospital discharge. Subjects demographic factors were evaluated by way of a demographic questionnaire and their psychological features were assessed by SCL-90-R questionnaire before the appearance of withdrawal symptoms. The mean age of subjects was 33.75 +/- 7.86 years. There was a positive correlation between patients' level of education and the length of time subjects remained on naltrexone drug. 27.1% of subjects consumed the drug for less than a month; 59.8% took it for one month, and 13.1% used it for three months. The first group scored significantly higher across all scales of SCL-90-R than the other two groups. Prescription of naltrexone is more beneficial for educated patients. Pharmacotherapy coupled with non-medicinal treatment may lengthen naltrexone maintenance treatment

[Reunion as a psychodynamic factor leading to suicidal attempt in a Schizophrenic patient]

Suicide is one of the important causes leading to death in patients with schizophrenia. About 10% of these patients had died due to suicide. Psychodynamic formulations are not able to explaining the origins of schizophrenia, but they could help to better understanding of phenomenology of this disorder. Reunion as one of psychodynamic factor leading to suicidal attempt was mentioned in neurotic patients, but was not mentioned sufficiently in psychotic patients. In this article a patient with schizophrenia was reported. He had attempted suicide and had believed that will be joined with his lost child by this way. Analysis of patient's attempt with emphasis on his pathological fantasy of reunion was discussed

study of indium distributions in rat liver, kidney and brain tissues

Indium belonging to group IIIa, which is used in different industries and medical science. Therefore toxicity with this element is predictable. In this study, we to measure the concentration of indium in kidney, liver and brain. Pathological effects of indium to these tissues also have been studied. After determination of LD50, 0.35-mg/Kg indium as InC13 was injected [I.P] daily to rats for 60 days. Concentration of indium in serum and hemogenate of liver, kidney and brain tissues determined by flameless atomic absorption, showed that indium concentration is more in the kidney and liver. Also, microscopic examination of these tissues shows increase damage of these two organs. From forgoing results, we came to conclusion that damages caused by indium on these tissues is probably depend to the indium concentration in its