[Preventive and protective effects of garlic on serum albumin levels and diabetic nephropathy improved of male rats]

Diabetic nephropathy [DN] is a common cause for end-stage renal disease in developing countries. The characteristic features of this disease are persistent albuminuria and reduction of serum albumin. We aimed to demonstrate the preventive effect of garlic juice on damages in DN in rats with streptozotocin [STZ]-induced diabetes. Forty male rats [250 +/- 20] were divided into 5 groups as follows: 1- Group normal [N] 2- Group Normal+Garlic [N+G] 3- Diabetic [D] 4- Group diabetic+garlic before [D+Gb] [receiving garlic before STZ injection] 5- Group diabetic+garlic after [D+Ga] [receiving garlic after STZ injection]. Garlic juice was given by gavage [1ml/100gBW]. Diabetic rats showed an increase in serum glucose, urinary volume, and urinary albumin to creatinine ratio [Alb: Cr], urinary albumin excretion, and decrease in serum albumin. Garlic juice significantly attenuated the diabetes-induced increase in albumin clearance and urinary albumin excretion in the diabetic rats. The diabetic group receiving garlic before STZ injection showed more amelioration in complications than that receiving it after STZ injection. In this study for the first time we showed that administration of garlic juice could play a preventive role on diabetic nephropathy in rats

[Preventive effect of garlic juice on food intake and serum levels of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats]

Diabetes mellitus, a state of chronic hyperglycemia, is associated with high risk of atherosclerosis, renal diseases and nervous system and ocular damage. Garlic as a medicinal plant has shown to have diverse biological activities, including antidiabetic actions. Garlic and its preparations are affected in cardiovascular diseases which have been caused by diabetes. Since the pervious studies have focused on the therapeutic role of garlic in diabetes, we have decided to investigate the preventive effect of garlic juice on the changes of serum lipids. Forty male Wistar rats [250 +/- 20 g] were divided into five groups as follows. 1] Control group [N], 2] Normal+Garlic group [N+G] received garlic juice for 6 weeks, 3] Diabetic group [D] was injected with STZ [60 mg/kg BW, i.p.], 4] Diabetic+Garlic_before group [D+G[b]] received garlic juice for 3 weeks before STZ injection and continued for another 3 weeks, 5] Diabetic+Garlic_after group [D+G[a]] received garlic juice for 3 weeks; after injected with STZ. Garlic juice was given by gavage [Iml/100g BW/day]. At the end of experimental period, food intake measured by metabolic cages and serum levels of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides were assessed by enzymatic methods. D+G[b] and D+G[a] groups in comparison with D group showed significant increases [p<0.05] in the body weights and significant decreases [p<0.0001] in food intake. D+G[b] group in comparison with D+G[a] group, showed significant increase [p<0.05] in the body weights and significant decrease [p<0.001] in food intake. In D+G[b] and D+G[a] groups, glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides levels in comparison with D group showed significant decreases [p<0.0001]. In D+G[b] group, glucose levels have no significant difference with N and N+G groups, but in comparison with D+G[a] group showed significant decrease [p<0.05]. In D+G[b] group, serum level of cholesterol in comparison with N and N+G groups [p<0.01] and serum level of triglycerides in comparison with N and D+G[a] groups showed significant decreases [p<0.001]. These results suggest that garlic juice could influence in prevention against increases of cholesterol and triglycerides in diabetic rats

Effects of garlic on testicular damages induced by diabetes mellitus in rats

Diabetes mellitus is associated with histologic alterations of the testis. In the present study, we aimed to investigate both preventive and protective effects of garlic juice on testicular damage in male rats with streptozotocin [STZ]-induced diabetes. Forty male wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: 1] Group normal [N], 2] Group Normal+Garlic [N+G], 3] Diabetic [D] received STZ, 60mg/kg BW /i.p., 4] Group diabetic+garlic before [D+Gb] received garlic juice for 3 weeks before STZ injection and for 3 weeks after, and 5] Group diabetic+garlic after [D+Ga] three days after STZ injection, received garlic juice for 3 weeks. Garlic juice was given by gavage [1ml/100g BW]. Testicular damage was examined using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Diabetic rats showed a significant reduction in seminiferous tubule diameter and the number of germ cells. Garlic significantly attenuated the diabetes-induced morphological changes and the decrease in germ cells. The diabetic group receiving garlic before STZ injection [D+Gb] showed more amelioration in complications than that receiving it after STZ injection. In this study, for the first time, we showed that administration of garlic juice could play both preventive and therapeutic roles in testicular damage in male diabetic rats

Preventive effect of garlic on histopathology of liver and markers of hepatic injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Diabetes mellitus is associated with biochemical, physiological, and pathologic alterations in the liver. In this study, we investigated the preventive effect of garlic juice on changes in the structure of rat liver and serum activities of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases after streptozotocin injection. Forty rats were divided into five groups of 8 rats each: a] Normal group [N], b] Normal+Garlic group [N+G] received 1 ml of garlic juice/100g BW/day for 6 weeks, c] Diabetic group [D] was injected with streptozotocin [60rng/kg BW, i.p.], d] Diabetic+Garlic_before group [D+Gb] received garlic juice for 3 weeks before STZ injection and continued for another 3 weeks, e] Diabetic+Garlic - after group [D+Ga] received garlic juice for 3 weeks after being injected with STZ. Hepatic histological changes were assessed with hematoxylin-eosine staining using a light microscope. In diabetic rats, the activities of serum ALT and AST were significantly increased [p < 0.05] compared to other groups. In D+Gb and D+Ga rats the activity of serum ALT was significantly decreased compared to the D group. The activity of serum AST in D+Gb group had no significant difference with the N and N+G groups and was significantly decreased compared to the D group. In the D group, separated necrosis of hepatocytes, anarchism of liver plates, and lymphocytic inflammation were observed; in the D+Gb and D+Ga groups compared to the D group, all of previous signs improved. Garlic juice was found to influence changes of aminotransferases and prevent the histopathological changes of liver associated with STZ diabetes in rats

[Preventive effects of garlic juice on renal damages induced by diabetes mellitus in rats]

Since all previous studies on the ameliorative effects of garlic in diabetic nephropathy have been conducted after diabetes induction, we decided to assess its preventive role on renal complications in diabetes. Forty male rats were divided into 5 groups as follows: 1- Group normal [N] 2- Group Normal + Garlic [N+G], received garlic juice for 6 weeks. 3- Diabetic [D[received STZ, 60 mg/kg BW /i.p. 4- Group diabetic + garlic before [D+Gb], received garlic juice for 3 weeks before STZ injection and continued for over three weeks. 5- Group diabetic + garlic after [D+Ga], three days after STZ injection, they received garlic juice for 2 weeks. Garlic juice was given by gavage [1ml/100g BW]. Diabetic rats showed significant increase in serum creatinine and urea, creatinine clearance [GFR], water intake, and decreased urinary urea to creatinine ratio [Ur:Cr], compared to the other groups [P<0.0001]. Administration of garlic juice in diabetic rats restored these changes towards normal to some extent. Long-term consumption of garlic juice in group D+Gb caused significant improvement, compared to that seen in group D+GA. In this study, for the first time, we showed that administration of garlic juice before diabetes induction resulted in enhanced amelioration of renal complications compared to the group receiving it after induction, indicating that garlic juice can play both a preventive and a therapeutic role in such patients

[Measurement of renal vitamin e for assessment of iron and nitric oxide interaction in rats]

Oxidative stress has been implicated as an important factor in induction of many disorders such as nephropathy and cancer. Iron by producing hydroxyl radical can cause this kind of stress. On the other hand nitric oxide [n0] when its concentration is high results in oxidative stress. Iron and NO have some interactions in each other function but there is no total agreement on this. For example in one study NO prevents and in another it worsens iron toxicity. The study aims at evaluating the interaction between NO and iron on renal oxidative stress. Renal vitamin E level was measured as an index of oxidative stress. Sixty-four male rats were divided into eight 8- rat groups as follows: I-SHAM [normal saline], 2- Fe [iron dextran], 3- ARG [L-arginine precursor of NO synthesis], 4- Fe+ARG, 5- L-NAME [Blocker of NO production], 6- Fe+L-NAME, 7- DFO [Defleroxamine, shelator of iron], and 8- ARG+DFO. All injections were performed intraperitoneally. Twenty hours after injections, right kidneys were removed and their concentration of- vitamin E was measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that in group Fe there was a reduction in vitamin E compared to group SHAM [P<0.05]. In-group Fe+L-NAME there was a further reduction in vitamin E compared to group SHAM [P<0.01]. There was no significant difference between group SHAM with Fe+ARG. Group Fe+L-NAME also showed a significant decrease in vitamin E compared to group Fe+ARG [P<0.05]. We conclude that NO can prevent iron induced oxidative stress and can act as an antioxidant