[Entomological research and its specific course in Iran from 1935 to 2008]

Malaria remains an important vector-borne disease globally and is a threat for human life. Forty percent of the world's populations who are living in low-income countries are at risk of malaria. The disease exists in Iran and caused economic and social damages. As result of malaria control program that has been done during the past years, the disease is eliminated from the most parts of the country, so that it is only reporting from a small part in these years. During this study, all available papers, books and thesises were reviewed and articles from Iranmedex, DIS and PubMed databanks were also used. Furthermore the related reports from different sources were noted. The extensive studies have important information about malaria vectors. In this study the data about malaria vectors and related training courses are listed. During this study the related papers, Books and thesises which have been reviewed. Although efforts, surveillance system, diagnostic and treatment facilities, as well as knowledge and attitude of peoples regarding to health behavior are improved nowadays, there are significant improvements about decreasing the malaria cases. Risk of the disease exists because of population exchange and asymptomatic cases. The malaria can be studied with both public health and economical aspects. This paper represents entomological studies of malaria during 1935 by the end of 2008. our study revealed that, based on recent malaria national program, the authorities should make an emphasis on vector control monitoring, resistance management, malaria evaluation and because of weak supervision on all malaria operation at stage of elimination of malaria, accurate and careful suppersional require to reach the objective and goal of elimination

[Evaluation of diagnostic value of PH in differentiation of pleural effusion]

The PH of pleural fluid is one of the most important criteria in determination of type of pleural effusion. It is important in decision making for chest tube insertion. Pleural PH is a sensitive index for predicting the pleurisies out come too. Pleural fluid PH is decreased in parapneomonic effusion, cancers, tuberculosis and collagen vascular diseases. This study was designed to determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for better management of patients with pleural effusion. This descriptive study was conducted on 350 patients affected with pleural effusion referring to the Shahid-Beheshti University hospitals. Pleural fluid [20-30 ml] was taken from the patients and the amounts of blood sugar, proteins, WBC and HDL were measured. From the total number of the pleural effusion patients [350 patients] 266 patients had exudative pleural fluid and 84 patients had transudative pleural fluid. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and efficacy of the pleural effusion PH were 75%, 22%, 72%, 26% and 61%, respectively. Measuring the pleural PH can be useful for differentiation of exudative from transudative pleural effusion. It seems that PH measurement has lesser mistakes compared to the previous measurements

Post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of Bam earthquake 40 days after the event

To investigate the point prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder [PTSD] in a group of survivors of the Bam 2003 earthquake, 145 participants [83 females and 62 males] were studied using structured interviews according to PTSD Symptom Scale [PSS] and Revised Impact of Event Scale [R-IES] items. The mean number of first and second order family members who had died in the disaster was 75.7, range 0 to 350 persons. About 81% of the participants were eligible for PTSD diagnosis according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [DSM-IV or DSM IV-TR] criteria. No significant correlation was found between demographic variables or history of psychiatric illness and measures of psychological distress

[ study of factor structure, validity, reliability and standardization of borderline personality scale [STB] in Shiraz University Students]

The borderline traits scale [STB] was developed at Oxford by Claridge and Broks [1984]. As outlined in detail in Claridge and Broks, STB scale was based on the criteria for borderline personality disorder, and was set out in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual -3rd edition [DSM-III; American Psychiatric Association, 1980]. Recently this scale was revised by Rawlings et al [2001]. In this study STB corresponded with DSM-IV-TR's criteria for borderline personality disorder. This scale represented one form of a more general 'borderline' condition, referring to unstable modes of interpersonal responding, including ambivalence and degree of control of emotional expression. This scale investigates borderline characteristics of normal population on the base of continuity view of psychotic characteristics. The aim of this study was to investigate psychometric properties and standardization of borderline personality scale [STB]. A group of 749 normal participants [380 male and 369 female from collages of Shiraz University] and 60 patients [30 with schizophrenia and 30 with major depression disorders] took part in this research. Principal Component Analysis with promax rotation for STB, extracted three factors which were labeled hopelessness, impulsivity and stress related paranoid/dissociative symptoms factors respectively. However for this scale three other types of validity [concurrent validity, differential validity and correlation between subscales and the whole scale and among subscales] and three reliability [test retest, internal constancy and half splitting reliabilities] were reported. Based on these results, it was concluded that STB scale contain good psychometric properties in Iranian population and it be can used, as valid measure, in psychological and psychiatric researches. Finally the result of this study showed standardized information for STB with sample of 749 participants

perception of substance abusers regarding their parental discipline

The aim of this project was to compare the perceptions of cigarettes, opium, and heroin abusers with those of non- abusers regarding their parental discipline. In this project, via Family Environmental Questionnaire [FEQ] the perceptions of four groups, each comprised of 30 subjects [substance abusers of cigarettes, opium, heroin, and non- abusers] about their parental discipline were evaluated by a retrospective and comparative method. In regards to their parental discipline, all three substance abuser groups as compared to the non- abusers rated higher on the subscales of "Aggression and Hostility" and "Rejection", yet rated lower on the subscales of "Expression of love" and "Take the participation of their child in life". The opium and heroin abusers rated their parents lower on the subscale of 'Emotional support' and higher on the subscale of 'Ignoring of the child' in comparison with the non- abuser subjects. The heroin abusers assigned lower scores to their parents on the subscale of 'Moderate discipline' than the other groups. Moreover, the prevailing pattern of discipline in the families of opium and heroin abusers is that of hostility and controlling. There is a correlation between parental disciplinary method and substance abuse in children