[Effect of different levels of dietary metabolizable energy on performance and immune response in Iranian native hens]

Determination of energy requirement and its effect on the immune system is one of the most important research topics in poultry and avian research area. To determine the effect of different levels of metabolizable energy [ME] on the production performance and immune responses of Iranian native hens. The experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with 6 treatments [2400, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2800 and 2900 kcal/kg ME] and 5 replicates of 10 samples each. Egg production and feed intake were measured both daily and weekly. Humoral immune function was measured by hemagglutination inhibition [HI] test on the 6[th] and 12[th] days after intramuscular injection of sheep red blood cells [SRBC]. Cellular immunity was determined using responses of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity [CBH] to phytohemagglutinin injection. Data were analyzed using GLM procedure. The results showed that dietary energy had a significant effect on the feed intake in such a way that increasing dietary energy linearly decreased the feed intake [p<0.05]. There was no significant difference among the treatment groups in egg production, egg mass and egg weight [p>0.05]. There were not significant difference among groups in terms of total antibodies against SRBC, IgG and IgM. However, IgM showed increase in response to different levels of energy on day 12 of injection [p<0.05] with the highest response for the diet contained 2800 kcal/kg ME. The CBH response showed a gradual increase based on increasing the dietary ME levels over 24 and28 h after injection. Meanwhile diet contained 2900 kcal/kg ME showed the maximum CBH response at 24 and28 h [0.28 +/- 0.017 and0.34 +/- 0.026mm, respectively]. The results of this experiment showed that the dietary ME in the range of 2800 to2900 kcal/kg made the highest effect on immune responses of Iranian native hens

Impairment in the Linguistic decoding Mechanism of Bilingual aphasics

In this article different views on brain functions in bilingual aphasic patients are introduced according to the neurolinguistics and neuroscience studies, the author then explains the new techniques of brain imaging and researches performed on the aphasics and their different recovery patterns. Based on the observations and also the system of brain function it can be assumed that recovery of the language impairments regarding the brain self-organizing, can be influenced by the process of harmonizing comprehension and production with the brain and in a subtle view due to the recovery of impairments in decoding of languages