[Histopathological findings in necrotic spaces developed with doxorubicin and 150 kHz ultrasound at low intensity and a combination of these two methods on adenocarcinoma tumor breast cancer in BALB/c mice]

Background: breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. One in eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in their lifetime. Chemotherapy works on active cells. Active cells are cells that are growing and dividing into more of the same type of cell. Cancer cells are active, but so are some healthy cells. Also, scientists work constantly to develop ways of providing treatment with fewer chemotherapy side effects

Objectives: the aim of this study was antitumor effect of simultaneous low-intensity, 150 kHz ultrasound, in combination with the reduced dose of anticancer drug Doxorubicin [DOX] on breast adenocarcinoma using murine model [BALB/c]

Methods: twenty-five female BALB/c mice were used in this study. The tumor was implanted under the breast skin of mice. Mice were divided into five groups, namely control, sham, drug [IV injected of 2 mg/kg of DOX], drug [IV injected of 1 mg/kg of DOX] + US [150 kHz for 15 minutes] and exposure to ultrasound [150 kHz for 15 minutes] alone. The data were analyzed employing ANOVA using SPSS software V.13 and complementary test of Tooki was done

Results: it was shown that, after injection of DOX, exposure to ultrasound at 150 kHz the necrotic spaces in adenocarcinoma tumors compared to control and sham groups have meaningful variance [p<0.001]. There was also a significant difference [the bigger the necrotic spaces] between the drug+US group and drug treated group [p<0.05], It should be mentioned that the dose of DOX in drug+US group was reduced to 1mg/kg

Conclusions: the co-administration of DOX and low-intensity ultrasound provided a more effective treatment than the drug alone in murine adenocarcinoma breast cancer. The combined treatment appeared to produce synergistic effects that could prove potentially useful in reducing the side effects of DOX by lowering the required effective dose of the drug while increasing the efficiency of the therapy as a whole

Effects of Scrophularia striata water extract on quality and shelf life of rainbow trout [oncorhynchus mykiss] fillets during superchilled storage

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Scrophularia striata water extract on the quality and shelf life of the rainbow trout fillet during superchilled storage. Fish samples were treated with 1% and 3% S. striata water extract and then stored at -2[degree]C for 20 days. The samples were analyzed periodically for chemical, microbial and sensory characteristics. Results indicated that incorporation of S. striata water extract on rainbow fillets caused the delay of lipid peroxidation and hydrolytic spoilage in 3% treated sample in comparison with the control sample at the last day of the experiment [P<0.05]. Moreover, fish fillets containing 3% S. striata water extract showed lower bacterial count than the control and 1% water extract supplemented samples [P<0.05] during the experiment. According to sensory analysis results, 3% treated samples were acceptable even at the end of the 20-day storage. It was concluded that the effect of S. striata extract on fish samples was to retain their good quality characteristics and extend the shelf life during superchilled storage

[ effect of dietary Aloe vera gel extract supplementation on lipid peroxidation of broiler breast fillets during frozen storage]

To improve the oxidative stability of meat products, the use of the dietary form of natural additives, especially those with plant origin is increasing. Aloe vera plant, the in vitro antioxidant effect of which has been previously discussed, is a potential candidate for this purpose. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of feed supplementation with Aloe vera gel extract on lipid peroxidation of broiler breast fillets during frozen storage. Fifty-four 1-day old broilers were allocated into three groups [basal diet as control, basal diet supplemented with 100 and 300 mg/kg methanol extract of Aloe vera gel] and fed for 6 weeks. In the term, chicks were slaughtered and their breast fillets were stored at -20[degree sign]C for 9 months. Lipid peroxidation was assessed after 1, 3, 6 and 9 months of frozen storage using chemical [PV and TBARS] and sensory evaluations. Results indicated that incorporation of 300 mg/kg Aloe vera gel methanol extract in broiler diets caused the delay of lipid peroxidation in raw breast meat [with 9.6 meq/kg, 92.67 micro g/kg and 6.3 in PV, TBARS and Sensory evaluations, respectively] in comparison with control sample [with 15.2 meq/kg, 139.33 micro g/kg and 3 in mentioned evaluations] at the last day of the experiment [p<0.05]. This study showed that methanol extract of Aloe vera gel can be considered as a dietary supplementation substance in chicken diet and can delay the oxidative spoilage of chicken breast fillets during frozen spoilage

Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in the quail egg interior contents: a provincial study

Poultry products have been recognized as major sources of human gastrointestinal disease caused by Salmonella spp. and several outbreaks have been reported where eggs were the source of human infection. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in the quail egg interior contents from retail stores of Semnan, Iran and to characterize the isolated Salmonella serovars via serotyping and Multiplex PCR techniques. 140 packages of quail eggs [each package containing 12 eggs] were collected from different batches during summer 2010 and tested for the presence of Salmonella through conventional culture and serotyping methods. From these samples, S. enteritidis was detected in the egg contents of one package [0.71%] out of 140 packages. This isolate was confirmed by Multiplex PCR generated amplification products for a random sequence that is specific for the genus salmonella and spv and sefA genes. According to our results, S. enteritidis is the most prevalent serotype of quail egg content contaminant in the Semnan area of Iran and the multiplex PCR method could be used as a reliable method of identifying Salmonella serovars

Frequency of sports injuries and related factors in male students participating in the athletic sports olympiad 2010 of khorasan razavi province, Iran

Background: Causes and mechanisms of injury in athletes are an important consideration in sports medicine. This study reviews the frequency of sports injuries in male students participating in the Sports Olympiad 1020 of Khorasan Razavi Province

Materials and Methods: The population for this descriptive, cross-sectional study consisted of 1156 male student athletes in two educational levels, including middle school and high school. Data was collected using the Fuller's damage report form [Fuller et al., BJSM 2006], which includes injured body parts, injury type, cause, and severity

Results: In total, 122 injuries were recorded, including futsal 53 persons [44%], handball 44 persons [36%], basketball 18 persons [14%], and volleyball 7 persons [6%]. The most frequent injuries were lower extremities [51%], upper extremities [22%], trunk and spine [16%], and head and face [11%]. Most injuries involved muscle-tendinous damage [81%], while the least frequent types were skin [13%] and joint-ligamentous damage [6%]. Highest causes of injury were collision between two players [59.86%] and lack of proper warm-up before the match [16.42%]. Damage intensity was low in 67%, moderate in 23%, and severe in 10% of cases

Conclusion: The results showed that injuries occurred most frequently in handball and indoor soccer fields, while basketball and volleyball had the lowest number of injuries. Lower limb injury was the most prevalent, while the head and face were the least frequent injured parts. The most common type of injury was muscle-tendon injury. Collision between players and non-warmed up limbs were the greatest cause of injuries

pretreatment effects of pentoxifylline on aflatoxin B1-induced oxidative damage in perfused rat liver

This study was conducted to investigate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of pentoxifylline [PTX] against aflatoxin Bl [AFB1] exposure in perfused rat livers by evaluating damage marker enzymes, antioxidant defense systems [glutathione, GSH] and lipid peroxidation [malondialdehyde, MDA]. Sixteen rats were divided randomly into four experimental groups: control, PTX, AFB1 and AFB1 + PTX. Rats in the control group were infused with Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer. Rats in the AFB1 -treated group received approximately 1 ppm and the PTX- treated group received 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally 24 h before surgery. Alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase levels were increased by AFB 1 and decreased by PTX. PTX also ameliorated the increased concentration of MDA caused by AFB1. PTX did not compensate for the decrease in GSH caused by AFB 1. These results imply that PTX has an antioxidant effect by inhibiting free radicals, and prior treatment with PTX ameliorates the effects of AFB 1 -induced lipid peroxidation but does not compensate GSH depots

[ effect of different levels of cadmium on the histopathological changes and the rate of lymphoid cells apoptosis of bursa of fabricius in broiler chickens]

Cadmium toxicity can cause kidney failure, liver damage and a weakened immune system in experimental and naturally occurring toxicities. This study was designed to investigate the effects of cadmium [Cd] on the histology and the rate of lymphoid apoptosis in the bursa of fabricius of chicken. One-hundred 20-day-old male Ross broilers were purchased and randomly divided into four groups. The control group [C] received no Cd, whereas groups 1, 2, and 3 had rations administered containing 25, 50 and 100 ppm cadmium as CdCl, respectively. At days 14, 28 and 42, seven chicks from each group were randomly selected and sacrificed. The bursa of Fabricius of each chick was removed, weighed, fixed in 10% buffered formalin and processed for histopathology and assessment of the rate of lymphoid cells apoptosis. The apoptotic cells were demonstrated in paraffin embedded tissue sections using the TUNEL[terminal oxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling] method. The concentration of Cd in the liver samples was measured by atomic absorption. Areverse correlation between the levels of Cd in the rations and the body weight of the chickens [p < 0.01] was found. The concentration of Cd in the liver showed a positive correlation with the levels of Cd in the rations [p < 0.01]. The number of apoptotic lymphoid cells was significantly increased in those groups receiving higher levels of Cd [especially groups 2 and 3] [p<0.01]. Morphologically, plicas and lymphoid follicles of groups 2 and 3 were smaller than of the control group. In the histological analysis they were found to be hypocellular and some of them were edematous. Compared to the control group, there was an increase in the number of intraepithelial cysts in groups 2 and 3 at days 28 and 42. In addition, atrophic changes of bursal paranchyma were observed in group 3 after 42 days. It can be concluded that under experimental conditions the higher concentrations of Cd in the rations [50 and 100 ppm]has detrimental effects on the bursa of Fabricius of chickens

[Proliferative pigmented pilomatricoma: an immunohistochemical study of CK[7], CK[8] and P[53] expression]

Pilomatricomas are cystic hair follicle neoplasms originate from matrix cells which is produced by hair shaft and Inner root sheaths of this zone region of the inferior part of the hair follicle there is cornification patterns are present. These structures are recognized almost exclusively in dogs. A five-year-old, male intact boxer dog was presented with a large pedunculated mass in medial aspect of elbow region. The histopathological findings were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The tumor was BCC like with lobules of tumor basal cells and shadow cell-like necrotic cells showing central keratinization. Immunohistochemically, the CK7was negative that revealed this tumor could not to be a BCC. Positivity for CK8 revealed that this tumor originated from hair sheath. Nonentity of invasion and metastasis and negativity for P53 iniplicated that the turn or was benign. This tumor was proliferative pigmented pilomathcoma because of a large number of basal cells of lobules and melanophages in the interlobular fibrous tissue. This report can be useful in oncoming reclassification of canine skin tumors

[Histopathological and ultrastractural changes of kidneys in response to cadmium chloride toxicity in broiler chickens]

Cadmium as a heavy metal has some detrimental effects on the health of living organisms. The aim of the present inventigation was to study the effects of cadmium induced toxicity on the kidney in a broiler chicken mode. Eighty four one day-old male Ross breed broiler chickens were obtained from a commercial poultry farm and randomly divided into four groups. While control [group 1] took no cadmium, groups 2,3 and 4 received a ration of 25,50 and 100 ppm cadmium [CdCl[2]] per day, respectively. At days 14, 28 and 42 seven birds were sacrificed and their kidneys were examined with both light microscope and transmission electron microscope. Data were statistically analyzed using 2- way ANOVA. Kidney lesions in the groups 3 and 4 were more severe than the group 2. Severity of kidney lesions showed both time and dose dependent manner increase so that all birds in groups 3 and 4 had severe kidney lesions. These groups received 50 and 100 ppm cadmium a day. Renal histopathology showed swelling, degenerative changes, necrosis and apoptosis in tubular epithelium as well as presence of hyaline casts and lack of kidney lymphoid tissue formation. It can be concluded that higher concentrations of dietary cadmium can induce kidney lesions in chickens through glomerular and tubular damages