Computed tomography and normal cross sectional anatomy of the head of the sheep

The objective of the present study was to define the detailed description of the anatomy of the head in the native sheep breed in Egypt by computerized tomography [CT] for use by radiologists and veterinary clinicians. Normal five heads of adult sheep of different ages [2-4 years] and sexes [three females and two males] were used in this study. Sheep were killed and the heads were sectioned at the level of atlantoaxial joint. 10-mm contiguous transverse CT images were acquired with a third-generation CT scanner. Frozen cross-sectional slices of sheep head were photographed and compared with the CT images. The important anatomic structures were revealed, seen clearly and labeled in two corresponding photographs of cross-sections and CT scans of the sheep head. The various dimensions of the nasal, cranial and tympanic cavities were recorded

Magnetic resonance imaging and cross-sectional anatomy of the brain of the red fox [Vulpes vulpes]

This article presents the detailed anatomy of the red fox brain and associated structures using magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]. The heads of five clinically normal adult foxes were used for this study. Contiguous T2-weighted transverse magnetic resonance images were acquired from just caudal to the level of cribriform plate to the caudal aspect of cerebellum, using 1.5-T Philips NT scanner. MR images were compared with corresponding frozen and formalinized cross sections of the heads of foxes at different levels. Most features of the brain that were identified on anatomic sections could be identified on the corresponding MR scans despite the low contrast between structures, particularly if adjacent bony and soft tissue structures were used as landmarks. Different anatomic and neuroanatomic structures were identified and labeled on the images as reference for MR morphology of the fox brain and related structures

Effects of ciprofloxacin on renal cortex of rabbits and the role of vitamin C as a protective agent: anatomical, histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical study

Ciprofloxacin is a fluroquinolone antibiotic commonly used to treat respiratory, urinary tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. The aim of the present work was to study the effects of ciprofloxacin on renal cortex of rabbits and the possible protective role of vitamin C. Twenty four adult male rabbits were used in this study and randomly divided into three groups: control, ciprofloxacin treated and ciprofloxacin plus vitamin C-treated group. This regimen of treatment was given orally for one month. At sacrifice, blood samples were drawn for biochemical study. The kidneys were observed macroscopically and sections were prepared for histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical studies. Ciprofloxacin treated rabbits showed a highly significant increase in Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine. The kidneys of ciprofloxacin treated rabbits appeared small in size with macroscopic evidence of fibrotic capsular thickening. Renal cortex of ciprofloxacin treated rabbits showed moderate tubular dilatation in some proximal and distal convoluted tubules with marked degeneration and vacuolization of their lining cells. Some glomeruli were hypertrophied while others were atrophied. In summary, Ciprofloxacin can induce subtle renal damage which could be ameliorated by simultaneous use of vitamin C which is easily available and safe antioxidant. On the basis of our results, we advice Clinicians to use vitamin C in common with ciprofloxacin to avoid its potential complication

[Detection of EBV by PCR in fresh and paraffin-embedded naso pharyngeal carcinoma biopsies]

The nasopharyngeal carcinoma [NPC] is frequent in Tunisia. It's the second ORL cancer of men after the larynx one. To analyse the NPC characteristics in our population, we determined the frequency of EBV infection in 47 paraffin-embedded and 6 fresh NPC biopsies. We first extracted the DNA from tumoral tissus and then amplified viral sequences by PCR to detect and to type the infecting virus [EBV-A or ABV-B]. Our results showed that amplifiable DNA has been obtained from 34/47 paraffin-embedded NPC biopsies while 13/47 of the others biopsies contained degraded and not amplifiable DNA. All the fresh biopsies allowed to obtain DNA with good quality. The EBV infection frequency in paraffin-embedded NPC biopsies is 35% while EBV is detected in all fresh biopsies [6/6]. Our analyse also showed that the EBV-A is predominant in our population compared to EBV-B as it was shown in most countries of the world. This study clearly shows that PCR results obtained with paraffin-embedded NPC biopsies are divergeant from those obtained with fresh biopsies. Because of DNA degradation in paraffin-embedded NPC biopsies, the biology molecular results from that kind of samples is criticable. Moreover, the results obtained from fresh NPC biopsies confirmed the quasi-constant association of EBV with undifferenciated carcinoma nasopharyngeal type

Synthesis and behaviour of 4-[4'-chloro-3' -methyl phenyl]-1 [2H]-phthalazinone towards certain electrophiles and nucleophiles

The behaviour of 4-[4'-chloro-3'-methyl phenyl]-l[2H]-phthalazinone [I] towards carbon electrophiles, e.g., ethyl bromo acetate, formaldehyde in the presence of piperidine under Mannich reaction conditions, and carbon nucleophiles, e.g., p-tolylmagnisium bromide under Grignard reaction conditions and chlorination by using PC15/POC13, has been investigated. The reaction of the chlorophthalazine derivative [6] with nitrogen nucleophiles mainly piperidine, pyrrolidine, cyclohexylamine, benzylamine and hydrazine hydrate, has been described. The behaviour of hydrazinophthalazine derivative towards carbon electrophile, e.g. aromatic aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate and acetylacetone also has been discussed

Synthesis and behaviour of a static benzoxazinone derivative towards nitrogen and sulphur nucleophieles

4 [H]-3,l-BENZOXAZIN-4-one derivatives bear saturated aliphatic substituents at position-2, [so called dynamic benzoxazinones], e.g., CH[3][1] C[3]H[7] [iso] [2], CH[2]COCH[3][3], CH2CN[4], C[3]H[7][n] and CH[2]CH[2]COOH[5] are among the more recent heterocyclic compounds. The electronically unsaturated character of these rings made difficult the synthesis of satisfactorily stable rings. New organic substituents with special properties in steric and in an electronic manner-helped to solve this problem. In the last two decades, our contribution to the solution of this problem includes the use of bulk substituents involving strong conjugation power [which so called static benzoxazinones[6-12]. In continuation of our recent article [1,3], on the behaviour of a static benzoxazinone derivative towards nitrogen and carbon nucleophiles, another derivative namely 2-[2-[4-bromohydroxyimmobenzyl] phenyl]-4[H]-3,l-benzoxazin-4-one [3] was obtained via the interaction of 1 - [4-bromophenyl] -4[H] -3,2 -benzoxazin-4-one [2] with anthranilic acid in boiling n-butanol in which hetero-ring opening takes place followed by cyclisation