[ role of fear of movement in chronicity of pain in patients with musculoskeletal pain]

Fear of movement is a psychological construct with pivotal role in chronicity of pain. Chronic pain may lead to depression and anxiety in patients, which may change life quality and style. This study was aimed to evaluate the role of fear of movement in chronicity of pain in patients with musculoskeletal pain. In a descriptive analytic study a sample of 170 patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain referred to an orthopedic clinic at Atieh hospital [Tehran, Iran] was selected. Based on scores of Tampa Scale of Kinesophobia, were divided into three groups of high, medium, and low fear of pain. Data was analyzed by SPSS 12 using ANOVA test. Patients with higher fear of pain received higher scores on other pain related measures except estimation of pain severity during the current and the next week. In addition, regression analysis showed that scores on Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale, and Pain vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire are the best predictors of Tampa Scale of Kinesophobia scores. Fear of movement in patients with chronic pain is predictable by psychological variables which are correlated with pain specific anxiety rather than pain severity. Such variables can predict further movement and physical disability and have clinical implications for chronic pain management

fruit essential oil of Cuminum cyminum L. reduced the acquisition but not expression of ineffective dose of morphine induce conditioned place preference in morphine-sensitized mice

Cuminum cyminum fruit essential oil [FEO] dose-dependently can attenuate the expression of morphine tolerance and dependence in morphine-dependent mice. In this study, the effects of Cuminum cyminum FEO on acquisition and expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference [CPP] in morphine-sensitized mice were studied. Repeated subcutaneous [s.c.] administration of morphine [5 mg/kg], once daily for three and 5 days free of the opioid [sensitization period], increased conditioning response induced by ineffective doses of morphine [0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 mg/kg]. The results showed that intra-peritoneal [i.p.] injection of Cumin FEO [0. 001, 0.01, 0. 1, 0.5, 1 and 2%; 5 ml/kg] or Tween-80 [0.5%; 5 ml/kg], 60 mm before administration of morphine or saline during sensitization period [acquisition], decreased the conditioning response induced by ineffective dose of morphine [0.5 mg/kg; s.c.] at the doses of 1% [P<0.05] and 2% [P<0.001] while Cumin FEO [0.001-2%; i.p.], just 60 mm before the test on post-conditioning phase [expression experiments], did not alter the conditioning scores in morphine-and non-sensitized mice. Our findings showed that the Cuminum cyminum fruit essential oil reduces the acquisition but not expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in morphine-sensitized mice