[Quality study on the role of academic members in military medical courses with life-long learning approach]

Life- long learning is considered as a main outcome in education and the role of faculty is considered very important. This study was designed to introduce the characteristics and the role of academic members in the training of life- long learners in particular for Military Medical Courses. This study was conducted by utilizing qualitative method. In a purposive sampling twenty one professionals from Education Development Centers were interviewed. Data analysis was carried out using content analysis based on Krippendorff's approach. For data credibility and authentication, we conducted the peer check and external observer method. The obtained results indicated the following factors as important roles for a Faculty member: Facilitator and Mentorship, Role Model, having Competencies of Life-Long Learner, having Professional Competencies, Master of Specific Knowledge and having Tacit Knowledge. According to the important role of academic members, focusing on aimed empowerment necessary skills for academic member is suggested

[Changes of trend of antibiotic susceptibility in isolated bacteria from culture of ICU patients of Shahrekord Ayatollah Kashanani hospital, I.R. Iran]

ICUs are faced with increasing rapid emergence of antibiotic- resistant bacteria, which influence patient mortality. This study was conducted to compare the trend of antimicrobial resistance among microorganism's agents of ICUs nosocomial infections in two periods of 6 months with an interval of 12 months. In this descriptive analytic study, 322 obtained clinical specimens[including urine, tracheal aspirated materials, blood, wound, synoartrial fluid and chest tube secretion] from 205 hospitalized patients in ICU of Kashani ward Shahrekord, Iran was investigated during two periods of 6 months [second half of 2006 and first half of 2008]. Patients with acute inflammatory responses were included in the study. The antibiograme was performed using Disk diffusion method with following disks: ceftriaxone, ceftizoxime, ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin, carbenicillin, norfloxacin, gentamycin, amikacin and co-trimaxazol. The most and less common collected specimens were tracheal discharge [58.6%] and synovial fluid [0.3%] respectively. Overall 24.5% of cultures were positive. [58.2% of tracheal discharge and 0.3% of synovial fluid]. Klebsiella and Pseudomonas were the most common isolated bacteria. With an interval of 12 months the resistance trend of isolated bacteria to ceftizoxime, ciprofloxacin and carbenicillin changed from 62.5%, 19%, 100% to 88%, 55%, 71% [P<0.05]. There was an increased sensitivity to gentamycin in second period of study. Considering the increasing trend of resistance to ceftizoxime, ciprofloxacin, we recommend them in the case of positive culture and antibiograme. Antibiotic usage in ICU ward must be controlled more effectively and each ICU needs to have a program for antibiotic resistance surveillance

[ causes of formula milk consumption in the infants under 1 year old in Charmahalva Bakhtiari provins Iran, 2007]

Background and aims: In spite of the importance of breast feeding, as an exclusive manner, continuing the breast feeding is ignored frequently. So identifying the factors related to non tendency for breast feeding could be effective in planning for progress of breast feeding. This study was performed to determine the causes of formula milk consumption in infants in Charmahal va Bakhtiari province

Methods: In a descriptive-analytical study, 411 under one year old infants in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari, Iran were selected through cluster randomized sampling. In this study a self making questionnaire was used which was consisted of some demographic information about mother and infant, diseases related to breast feeding and evaluating some factors related to tendency for using formula milk. This study conducted in 2007. The data were analyzed using chi-square and t-test

Results: In this study, %51.6 of mothers were from rural areas and most of them [%59.7] were between 20-30 years of age. Generally about %76.1 of infants were using formula milk after 6 months. Our Results showed that most of the mothers and infants did not demonstrate any disease related to breast feeding. There was a significant difference between rural and urban infants, educational level of mother, age, and the kind of feeding [P<0.05]. Inadequacy of mother milk was the most [%43.1] important reason of using formula milk

Conclusion: This study showed the limited knowledge of the mothers and health care personnel about the breast feeding and it is needed to continue educating the mothers during their pregnancy period and afterward

[Effect of shir-e-khesht [billinaster drop] consumption by the neonates or their mothers on the neonatal icter]

Background and aims: Icter is one of the most common problems found in a newborn baby. The risk of icter is related to the development of kernicterus. The neonatal icter is treated with photothrapy and exchange transfusion. In the Iranian traditional medicine shirekhesht from cotoneaster species plant is commonly used in the treatment of neonatal icter. This research aimed to investigate the effect of billineaster as an oral drop formulation on neonatal icter

Methods: In this clinical trial 4 groups each with 30 members were compared after adjustment of age and billirubin level. The first group was treated with photothrapy and only their mothers received billinaster. The second group was treated with photothrapy and the mothers and neonates received billinaster. In the third group only neonates recived billinaster and photothrapy and the last group was treated with phothothrapy and placebo. Serum billirubin level was assayed 12 hr, 24 hr, 36, 48 and 72 hrs after treatment. Data were analyezed using Chi square, Variance analysis, Kruskal - Walis tests

Results: The level of billirubin was significantly decreat in all t groups [P<0.05]. There was a significant difference in the level of billirubin between the case and control groups [P<0.05] after 24 and 36 hrs, of treatment. The arerage time of hospitalization in the case groups was 35.3+/- 15 and in the control group 70+/- 2.21 [P<0.05]

Conclusion: The result of this study showed that consumption of billinaster drop can cause a significant decrease in neonatal icter and also decrease in the hospitalization period. So, usage of the standard billinastar drop in order to cure the neonatal icter is suggested

[Assosiation study between IL1RA gene polymorphism with febrile convulsion in Shahrekord children]

Now a days, fever and seizure are the most reasons for admitting children in hospitals. Due to influence of genetic factors, some children undergo to the fever less than others. In addition, recent studeis have shown a positive correlation between family history for febrile convulsion [type and age of onset in child] and predisposition to this disease. Therefore, this study was performed to study the assosiation between IL1RA gene polymorphism and predisposition to the disease. In this case-control study, 100 patients affected by febrile convulsion who were referred to pediateric and emergency department of Hajar hospital were selected as case group and the control group was consisted of 130 healthy children. Peripheral blood sample [1.5 ml] was collected from the patients and DNA was extracted by standard phenol-chloroform method. Classic PCR was performed using one set primers designed for Inter Luekine 1 receptor antagonist and in the next step PCR products were analysed by PAGE [Poly Acryle Amid Gele Electrophoresis] and finally results were analysed by comparision of segments size. The average age of the patient group was 3.4 +/- 1.4 years and the average age of the control group was 3.4 +/- 1.2 years old. A positive history for febrile convulsion was detected for 44 cases of the patient group. The genotypic frequencies of the IL1RA gene allele1 and 2 in the patient group were 56% and 10%, respectively and for the control group were 55.4% and 6.9% respectively. Considering P=0.93 for allele 1 and P=0.401 for allele 2, no significance difference was found between two groups. Based on the Chi square test, there was no correlation between IL1RA polymorphism and predisposition to disease

frequency of hearing loss etiology among deaf students in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province, Iran, 2008-2009

Hearing loss is the most common sensory disorder in human and has a profound economic and social impact in the modern world. The etiology of deafness can be due to genetic or non-genetic causes in origin. Genetics etiology of hearing loss is classified into syndromic and nonsyndromic. The aim of this study was to determine the etiology of deafness in deaf students in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province, Iran. Altogether, 265 patients with mild to profound hearing loss were contributed in this descriptive study. The subjects were deaf pupils from the schools of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province. Age of the students was between 6 and 22 years. Medical history, pedigree information and demographic data were collected using a questionnaire. Each patient underwent general and otoscopic examinations and also pure-tone audiometery. Otoacoustic emissions, as well as auditory brainstem response testing were performed in patients suspected to neural hearing loss. Consanguineous marriages were detected in 67.2% of deaf families, from which first cousins marriage was the most common with the rate of 78.1% of overall consanguinity. Our study revealed that up to 98.8% of genetic deafness cases were in autosomal recessive mode. We found sensorineural hearing loss as a predominant type of deafness in 97.8% of the population studied. Moreover, hearing loss with genetic in origin was found as the most frequent deafness etiology with a rate of 60.8% and then acquired and idiopathic hearing loss are in next step, respectively. We found syndromic etiology in 4.2% of the students and ophthalmic problems were the most dysfunction accompanied with hearing loss. This data highlight the importance of consanguine marriage in the studied population. We found a very high rate [67.2%] of consanguine marriage, which can be the main cause of congenital deafness

[ case report: an atypical Kawasaki syndrome following aseptic meningitis in a 9-month old infant]

Kawasaki syndrome is an acute, sometimes fatal vasculitis of young children. The ethiology of the illness is unknown, but its clinical and epidemiologic features are most consistent with an infectious cause. We treated a 9-month-old infant with diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. He received wide spectrum antibiotics. He was clinically improved but in 8th day of admission he again developed pharyngitis, diarrhea and high grade fever. He has had raising of erythrocyte sedimentations rate [ESR] and thrombocytosis. According to these clinical manifestation with impression of atypical Kawasaki disease, treatment was started for him and after 24 hours his fever subsided and other clinical signs relieved. On the basis of this case report in the course of bacterial meningitis if the patient developed elevated ESR and fever, Kawasaki syndrome with the other complications of meningitis should be considered

[ effect of maternal Ramadan fasting on growth parameters of their breast-fed infants]

Breast feeding is the best feeding pattern for infants. As a large number of mothers are fasting during the Ramadan, the aim of this study was to determine the impact of maternal Ramadan fasting on growth parameters of the infants whom fed only with maternal breast milk. This cohort study was performed from the beginning of Ramadan till the end of the following month in 1385. A total of 60 infants who fed only with maternal breast milk aged ranging from 15 days to 6 months were selected. Based on their mother fasting, they were divided in two groups of case [27 infants who their mothers were fasting] and control [33 infants who their mothers were not fasting]. The growth statue of the infants were evaluated using parameters weight, height, head circumference, during Ramadan and the following month. Using descriptive and analytical statistics, analysis of variance and independent t-tests data were analyzed. The mean age and sex of the infants was the same [P>0.05]. Weight, height and head circumference of the infants increased by 21, 7 and 6 percent, respectively during the study [P<0.05]. The repeated analysis variance showed that there was no significant difference in increasing of growth parameters between fasting and non-fasting mothers [P>0.05]. Ramadan fasting of mothers with exclusively breast-feeding infants did not adversely affect on the growth parameters of their infants

[Comparison of growth parameters of infants of Ramadan fasted and non-fasted mothers]

The many advantages of exclusively breast feeding infants are documented: breast-feeding enhances the growth and development of breast fed infants. The impact of Ramadan fasting by breast-feeding mothers on the growth parameters of exclusively breast-fed infants is still not clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of maternal fasting during Ramadan on the growth parameters of their exclusively breast-fed infants. This cohort study was performed throughout Ramadan and for five months after, on healthy, exclusive breast-fed infants [n=116], aged between 15 days to 6 months, assigned into two groups based on their mothers fasting: Control group [n=80] and fasting group [infants with fasting mothers: n=36]. All infants underwent periodic physical examinations twice in Ramadan, 3 times in the second month and then twice monthly in next 4 months. The infant's growth status was evaluated by calculating each growth parameters [weight, height, head circumference] as a percentage of the median value for age, based on appropriate growth charts. The mean age of infants in the case group was 3.43 +/- 1.38 and in the control group was 2.31 +/- 1 45 months age being significantly different between the two groups [P<0.05]. Fifty-four [46.6%] were boys and this proportion was the same in both groups [P>0.05]. According to the repeated measures ANOVA, all growth parameters increased during the study period [P< 0.05] but the rate of increasing was the same for both groups [P>0.05]. Ramadan fasting by breastfeeding mothers did not adversely affect on the growth parameters of exclusively breast-fed infants

[Correlation of raw conners' scores and family characteristics in general population of primary school children]

Background: Although, association of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and some family characteristics has been reported, less attention has been focused on the correlation between raw Conners' scores and family characteristics in general population. While higher raw Conners' score indicates more possibility of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, detection of such correlation highlights the need for screening of this disorder in some families. Aim of this study was to assess the possible correlation of raw Conners' scores and family characteristics in general population of primary school children

Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, parent's and teacher's Conner's questionnaire and a checklist containing family variables was administered to 1000 primary school children who were randomly selected from all primary schools in Shahrekord, in 2002. 819 subjects entered the study

Results: Raw Conners' scores were correlated with history of referral of father to psychiatrist, long absence of father from home, history of change in job of father, job of parents, educational level of parents, history of legal problems of parents, smoking of parents, drugs addiction by parents[p<0.05]. There were no correlation between raw Conners' scores and history of referral of mother to psychiatrist, history of referral of siblings to psychiatrist, long absence of father from home or living together of parents [p>0.05[

Conclusion: According to the results of this study, screening of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is recommended in those children whose father have history of referral to the psychiatrist, have long absence from home, with a history of change of job, or with parents with some jobs, with low educational levels, with history of legal problems, smoking or drugs addiction

[Correlation of raw conners' scores and family characteristics in general population of primary school children]

Background: Although, association of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and some family characteristics has been reported, less attention has been focused on the correlation between raw Conners' scores and family characteristics in general population. While higher raw Conners' score indicates more possibility of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, detection of such correlation highlights the need for screening of this disorder in some families. Aim of this study was to assess the possible correlation of raw Conners' scores and family characteristics in general population of primary school children

Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, parent's and teacher's Conner's questionnaire and a checklist containing family variables was administered to 1000 primary school children who were randomly selected from all primary schools in Shahrekord, in 2002. 819 subjects entered the study

Results: Raw Conners' scores were correlated with history of referral of father to psychiatrist, long absence of father from home, history of change in job of father, job of parents, educational level of parents, history of legal problems of parents, smoking of parents, drugs addiction by parents[p<0.05]. There were no correlation between raw Conners' scores and history of referral of mother to psychiatrist, history of referral of siblings to psychiatrist, long absence of father from home or living together of parents [p>0.05]

Conclusion: According to the results of this study, screening of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is recommended in those children whose father have history of referral to the psychiatrist, have long absence from home, with a history of change of job, or with parents with some jobs, with low educational levels, with history of legal problems, smoking or drugs addiction