[Evaluation of antiemetic effect of metabolic, aesthetic and aqueous extracts of Citrus aurantium L. on chicken]

Background and Objective: The flowers of Citrus aurantium L. are traditionally used in the treatment of neurological disorders such as seizures, epilepsy and neurasthenia. With regard to the importance of nausea and vomiting and effects of strengthening the stomach of Citrus aurantium L. extract, this study, was done to determine the antiemetic effect of the metabolic, aesthetic and aqueous extract of flowers of Citrus aurantium L. in young chickens

Methods: In this experimental study, induction of emesis was performed in 138 young chickens [23 groups, n=6] using copper sulfate [60 mg/kg, orally] and ipecac [600 mg/kg, orally]. The aqueous, methanolic and acetonic extract at doses of 50, 100 and 250 mg/kg/bw were injected intraperitoneally [i.p.] and metoclopramide [as positive control]. The number of nausea was recorded 50 and 20 minutes after copper sulfate and ipecac administration, respectively

Results: Our results showed that all kind of extract at doses of 100 and 250 mg/kg significantly inhibited copper sulfate and ipecac induced-emesis that showed better effect than metoclopramide. Also, comparison of antiemetic effect of different extract revealed that methanolic, aqueous and acetonic had better effect on prevention of nausea, respectively in comparision with metoclopramide

Conclusion: All kinds of Citrus aurantium [Methanolic, Aesthetic and Aqueous] showed antiemetic effect due to copper sulfate and ipecac dose dependly in Young chickenin in comparision with metoclopramide

[Chemical structure and optical properties of hydrophilic and hydrophobic intraocular lenses]

To compare the optical properties of hydrophilic and hydrophobic intraocular lenses [IOLs] containing UV-absorber and to determine their chemical composition. Optical properties of different foldable hydrophilic and hydrophobic as well as non-foldable hydrophobic polymethylmetacrylate [PMMA] IOLs were evaluated in three powers of 15, 22 and 25 diopters. Optical properties were measured using UV-VIS [UV-Visible] spectroscopy between wavelengths 200 and 800 nm and chemical structure characteristics were determined by ATR [attenuated total reflectance] spectroscopy. ATR spectroscopy revealed that foldable hydrophilic and hydrophobic IOLs and non-foldable hydrophobic IOLs were respectively composed of hydroxyethylmethacrylate, a copolymer of phenylethylacrylate and phenylethylmethacrylate, and PMMA [in accordance with manufacturer's claim]. Cut-off points of the lenses were found to be around 350-420 nm. Increasing the IOL power from 15 to 22 diopters did not significantly change the cut-off points of foldable hydrophobic IOLs, however a considerable cut-off shift to higher wavelengths was noted when power increased to 25 diopters. PMMA lenses showed a constant cut-off at 400 nm for all power values. The increase in power is associated with absorption of lower energy UV radiation and shift of cut-off points to higher wavelengths in hydrophobic IOLs but with no considerable effect on cut-off points in PMMA IOLs

Spiritual care at the end of life in the Islamic context, a systematic review

According to the statistics over 30000 deaths occur annually in Iran due to cancer with an incidence of over 70000 new cases; this growing rate is similar to the developing world. These figures do not take into account other chronic illnesses like diabetes, heart failure, gastro-intestinal disorders, chronic neurological disorders and lung disease, which all warrant palliative care. A systematic review was conducted until the end of 2007, to find out the ways that palliative care services are provided for Muslim patients suffering from cancer. Only three papers met the criteria as being original research either quantitative or qualitative, published during the last 10 years. Our findings conceded that very few papers are available in Islamic context about spiritual care at the end of life, where only one was quantitative. While cancer is rapidly increasing specially in developing world, the need of terminally ill patients with other conditions should be equally considered. Despite the fact that spirituality in Islamic societies exists profoundly, spiritual care must be institutionalised for patients who are in most need at their end of life, which needs more evidence

Introduction of a new modified eyebrow and ear reconstruction procedure

This paper presents a new modified technique for ear and eyebrow reconstruction which was used to reconstruct facial injuries caused by burns, excision of malignant tumors, depressed traumatic scars and a low hairline defect around the auricular region.' Other facial reconstructions carried out by this procedure were also highly successful and without complications