ABSTRACT
Gallstones are concretions that form in the biliary system. There are two major types of gallstones [pigment and cholesterol], which seem to form due to distinctly different pathogenic mechanisms. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and chemical composition of gallstones in goats. Bacteriologic analysis and pathological findings were reviewed. The study was carried out on 411 goats at Juneghan abattoir in Chaharmahal-Bakhtiari province of Iran. Gallstones were found in the gallbladder of 5 goats [1.2%]. Biliary calculi were more frequent in adult goats [p<0.05]. No significant difference was seen between male and female goats with gallstones. Chemical analysis of the gallstones revealed 4 goats with pigment [bilirubin] stones and 1 goat with cholesterol stones. Chemical composition of bile in these goats was evaluated. Bacteriologic analysis of the bile in the affected goats revealed bacteria [Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.] in 3 goats. Microscopic examination of gallbladders revealed cystic glands, necrosis and atrophy of mucosal layer, edema, focal and diffuse infiltration of lymphocytes in submucosal layer, and hypertrophy of smooth muscles in goats with gallstones. It was concluded that the prevalence of both types of gallstones in goats are low. Cholelithiasis can cause chronic inflammation of the gallbladder but it is not likely to become clinically significant
ABSTRACT
Rapid increase of elderly population presents their health and maintenance in wider domains in society. Therefore life satisfaction is the most important matters that required more pay attention. There is relationship between physical and mental health and life satisfaction. Health behaviors have very important role as one of the determined desirable. To determine the relationship between life satisfaction and health behaviors in elderly individuals referring to active retire mental centers of Rasht in 2008. This was a descriptive study, which 320 members from active retire mental center of Rasht participated in this study. Data was collected by a three part questionnaire that include demographic specifications, life satisfaction and health behaviors which were gathered by interview. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics and test such as chi-square by SPSS version 15. Findings showed that mean score of the health behaviors were 92.5 +/- 13.6 and 55.6% of members have good health behaviors. The mean score of life satisfaction was 20.1 +/- 7.3 and 46.6 of members satisfied. There were significant positive correlation between health behaviors and life satisfaction [p=0.000]. Also indicated that there were statistically significant relation between health behaviors and life satisfaction; according to age [p=0.002], education level [p=0.01], family composition [p=0.002], and occupational group [p=0.002]. There is relation between health behaviors and life satisfaction. It seems that life satisfaction can be increased by training and providing essential knowledge to elderly members and planning towards health promotion behaviors