[Factors affecting the human capital development in hospitals of the Iranian social security organization]

Development of human capital within the healthcare organizations is of vital importance due to their dealing with health and lives of people. The aim of this study was to recognize the main factors affecting the Human Capital Development in hospitals affiliated to Iran social security organization. This was a descriptive and applicable study carried out within the hospitals affiliated to Iran social security organization in 2010. Initially, a conceptual model was designed based on comparative study of Human Capital Development models which was later confirmed by a group of expert. In addition, a questionnaire was designed based on conceptual models of components and variants and filled out by the organization's Education authorities [n=68] in two stages with a 20-day interval to assess the current state of the Human capital Development. After determining the adequacy of sample volume by Kaiser Meyer Olkin method and meaningfulness of coefficient matrix with Bartlott test, the exploration factors analysis using maximum probable method as well as the interpretation of variants by Varimax method were performed. Later, to confirm the acquired factors verifying factor analysis and to determine the direct and indirect relationships of components, the structural equations model method was used. Factors-related commitment component [organization development and management commitment] showed a direct relationship with planning component [career development path and plan for education]. The factors of career development path and master plan for education demonstrated a bilateral relationship in which a direct correlation between these factors and the factors of Human Capital Development [education and personal development] was established. Also, it was found that the Evaluation factor is an effective independent factor influencing all other factors. The factors recognized in this research are suitable for Human Capital Development in hospitals affiliated to Iran social security organization

[ effective factors on receivers' access to health care services in urban health care centers]

In any country, one of the fundamental goals of health policymakers is to facilitate the people's access to treatment and health care services. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify factors that influence receivers' access to delivered services in urban health care services. We performed this descriptive and cross sectional study in year 2008. We used the multi-stage sampling method for selecting 57 staffs of urban health care centers as statistical samples. The valid and reliable questionnaire for gathering data was designed. Data was analyzed by SPSS 2 version 13 software. Our findings indicate that mean scores of individual, geographical, financial and structural factor was 2.29 [61.4% with high impact], 2.42 [57.9% with high impact], 2.27 [56.1% with high impact] and 2.58 [86% with high impact], respectively. [Our mean score range was 0 to 3]. According to the assessment of employee's viewpoint of Urban Health Care Centers, all of four individual, geographical, financial and structural factors had high influence on person's access to health care services in Urban Health Care Centers. Consequently this study has presented suggestions [according to the findings] for improving access to delivered services in urban health care centers

[Study of waiting time in Shahid Dastani's specialized clinics of Shariati hospital using by six sigma model]

Waiting time is one of the factors affecting patient satisfaction of service quality which is offered. In This Study waiting times referred to some clinics like Shahid Dastani integrated clinical training center, treatment and researching center like Shariati Hospital was performed. Six sigma model in four stages together with qualitative and quantitative methods was used in this study. The study population consisted of the all patient referred to specialist clinics like Shahid Dastani during every week. We selected 10% of all patients as a sample size referred to specialist clinics [n= 266]. Data were collected by interviewing and filling the checklists using a stopwatch. Measured waiting times were registered in a blank form. Data entry and analysis were performed using SPSS. Mean and standard deviation of waiting time were 121 +/- 33.73 minutes. The most important processes from referred entrance to leaving the physician's office consisted of comprehensive workflow processes, overall workflow, times forming, funds, medical records, previous bloom times, refunds and discount at all costs, and complaints. The first three factors of prolonged time form health care providers and referees view are simultaneous increase in the number of referees, physicians being on time and shortage of doctors. This collection extends the time of giving services by clinic, providing human resources and modifying the physical spaces which were some of recommendations to reduce waiting times

Tick infestation rate of sheep and their distribution in abdanan county, ham province, Iran, 2007-2008

Ticks are hematophagous arthropod belonging to the Class of Arachnids. Ticks are also one of the major vectors of pathogens to animal and human. This study was conducted to determine tick infestation rate of sheep in Abdanan during 2007-2008. Sampling was performed seasonally in 19 villages during spring 2007 until winter 2008. A total of 1095 sheep were selected and tested for tick infestation. After collection, all ticks were transported to laboratory of Medical Entomology and were identified with appropriate identification keys. Totally, 864 hard ticks were collected. The ticks were classified into two genera and 5 species including: Hyalomma marginalum [44.67%], Hy. anatolicum [43.17%], Hy.asiaticwn [6.37%], Hy. dromedarii [5.55%], Hea-maphysalis sulcata [0.24%]. The highest seasonal activity was observed in spring [36.46%] and the lowest seasonal was in winter [11.57%]. The rate of tick frequency in mountainous region was 48.15% and it was 51.85% in plateau regions. In this study, tick infestation of sheep was 11.41%. Hy.marginatum has the more frequent density in the study area

Hard ticks on domestic ruminants and their seasonal population dynamics in Yazd Province, Iran

Ticks are the main vectors for transmission of different pathogens to human and animals. This survey was carried out distribution of ticks, which infested the domestic ruminants in Yazd Province, central Iran during year 2008-2009. A total number of 30 villages form both mountainous and [20%] plateau[80%] regions of the province were selected randomly. Ticks were colleted from the body of infested animals and transported to the Laboratory of Medical Entomology, School of Public Health, Tehran university of Medical Sciences and then were identified using valid identification key. A total of 583 hard ticks were collected. The ticks were classified into three genera and 7 species including: Hyalomma dromedarii [55.92%], Hyalomma marginatum [13.20%], Hy. anatolicum [9.78%], Hy. detritum [4.98%], Hyalomma asiaticum [3.94%] Rhipicephalus sanguineus [11.84%] and Dermacentor marginatus [0.34%]. The highest seasonal activities occurred in summer. The prevalence of the Ixodidae ticks was more evident in plateaus area in Yazd Province. Among the hosts including: cow, goat, sheep and camel, the ticks that collected from camel was more prevalent. The ratio of male was more than female ticks. Hyalomma dromedarii was the predominant tick species and accounted for 55.92% of the ticks. Some of the collected ticks may play an important role for transmission of vector borne disease to human; therefore, the results of this study will provide a clue for vectors of tick-borne diseases in the region for local authorities for implementation of disease control

[Providing a standard operating process for health and care rapid response teams in Iran]

Regarding the frequency of disasters and effective response to the first hours after occurrence, it is necessity to form rapid response teams in order to reduce casualties and property losses. This paper aims to provide a standard operational process for health and care rapid response teams in Iran. In this applicable research, which was done by descriptive-comparative method, various countries were compared based on different factors such as activation process, training, structure, equipment and their functions during crisis. All studied countries activated their own rapid response teams based on a predetermined standard process in response phase. These teams are working under a unique command reference. They already are selected and have changeable structure based on disasters. Also they received standard trainings continuously and provided an appropriate response to disasters based on their job description and modern equipment, According to the research, some measures should be taken in order to decrease mortality and timely response to disasters as follows: to organize health rapid response teams in different levels of country; to establish an incident command system for guiding teams; to use local facilities with necessary equipment, and to define a clear job description with appropriate training for the selected individuals of these teams

Ventilator-associated pneumonia among ICU patients receiving mechanical ventilation and prophylaxis of gastrointestinal bleeding

Pneumonia in ventilated intensive care unit [ICU] patients is one of the most serious nosocomial infections with a frequently fatal outcome. Retrograde colonization of the oropharynx from the stomach by micro-aspiration of gastric fluid was shown to be associated with pneumonia. The purpose of the present study was to compare the frequency of ventilator-associated pneumonia [VAP] between two groups of ICU patients taking gastrointestinal bleeding prophylaxis including ranitidine or omeprazole. This double-blind randomized clinical trial was achieved on 129 subjects receiving at least 48 hours mechanical ventilation. They were assigned in 2 groups of ranitidine and omeprazole as the prophylactic regimen of stress-related gastrointestinal bleeding. In ranitidine group, 6 patients [9.7%] developed VAP compared to 8 subjects [13.1%] in the other group, however, chi square analysis failed to show a significant difference [P=0.4]. The incidence of VAP in ICU patients receiving either ranitidine or omeprazole did not differ significantly, however, further studies with greater sample size are required to draw a firm decision

[Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue using ZnO nano-particles]

Textile industrial wastewaters are one of the important sources of environmental contaminants. In the recent years, use of advanced oxidation processes, by producing highly active and reactive components such as hydroxyl radicals has been proposed. The aim of this research is photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye using the ZnO-nanoparticle with UVA irradiation. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue color using the ZnO- nanoparticles excited with UVA irradiation. In this research, photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye was study using different concentration of ZnO-nanoparticles under UVA irradiation in a batch reactor. The results of this research show that removal of methylene blue dye has direct correlation with UVA intensity. The best results of dye degradation were reported in concentration of 150[mg/L] ZnO nano-particles and the radiation intensity of 240 micro W/cm[2]. Rate of dye removal was decrease with increasing of color concentration. Subsequent of color degradation, the initial COD were decresed by%60. The photocatalytic degradation process using ZnO nano-particles under UVA irradiation could be remove the methylene blue dye and 60% of COD

Comparing the obesity risk factors in obese and normal children of Birjand 2006

The prevalence of obesity is increasing in both developed and developing countries. Obesity in children is associated with disorders such as depression, social isolation, apnea. The aim of the present study was to compare the obesity risk factors in obese and normal children of Birjand 2006. In this case-control study, thirty five 11-12 years-old students of Birjand schools were selected by two-stage cluster sampling with BMI >/= 25 as case group. The students at the same age and sex with BMI<25 were surveyed as control group; the height was measured using a Seka stadiometer to the nearest 0.1 cm. The weight was measured using a digital scale to the nearest 0.1 kg. The parents BMI was estimated according to the self report about their height, and other data were collected by asking the students mothers. Out of 70 children, 35 were girls and 35 boys, 20% of the girls and 11.4% of the boys were obese. The relationship of the children's BMI with the type of nutrition during infancy, parents job, parents education, the rate of mobility and hours of watching T.V was significant [p<0.05]. Likewise, the difference of mothers mean age during pregnancy and the parents BMI was significant. The children's obesity odd ratio with the fathers obesity was [95% CI=2.10-4.07], with the mothers obesity [95% CI=3.28-6.64] and with both parents obesity [95%CI=6.55-21.06]. Since obesity risk factors in childhood continue to exist until older ages and the most suitable time to identify and prevent them is during childhood, therefore, the necessity of control and prevention of obesity is apparent, and any type of planning in this field should be designed with regards to obesity risk factors and requires comprehensive education in school and the community

[Border hospital readiness in handling border relater crises in Kermanshah Province, Iran, 2007]

Helping the injured at the time of crisis is one of the duties of hospitals; therefore, they should plan and be prepared prior to any crisis. The present research was designed to measure the readiness of Kermanshah Province hospitals located near the western boarder of Iran to handle border related crises. The readiness of the three border hospitals in Kermanshah Province, e.g. Az-zahra [in Gilanegharb], Shohada [in Sare-Pole - Zahab], and Hazrat Abolfazl Abbas [in ghasre-Shirin] was evaluated using a checklist on the following six aspects: 1] crisis management information systems, 2] commandership terminal, 3] crisis-related training, 4] organizing hospital manpower, 5] having adequate facilities and equipment, 6] maneuvering and practicing. The data were gathered through interview, observation and using available statistics. According to the findings, hospitals scored [average] on crisis management information systems, commandership terminal, crisis-related training, and organizing hospital manpower, [good] on having adequate facilities and equipment, and [weak] on maneuvering and practicing. The findings also revealed that readiness was fairly good in Shohada hospital, average in Hazrat Abolfazl Abbas hospital and weak in Az-zahra Gilanegharb [hospital in general, readiness to deal with crisis in all three hospitals was evaluated as average]. Despite adequate facilities available for the investigated hospitals, they are not well prepared to handle border related crises in Kermanshah Province and it is essential to take necessary steps in this respect

[Prevalence of cleft palate and cleft lip among 20000 Iranian neonates]

Cleft lip [CL], cleft palate [CP] and their combination [CLP] and are the most common congenital head and neck anomalies. However, there is no certain study in this regards in our country. We performed an epidemiologic study to analyze the association of potential risk factors with the occurrence of oral clefts. This descriptive study was performed applying of existing data. Medical records of 20000 consecutive live born neonates delivered between April 2000 and June 2005 in Mahdie hospital, were reviewed and prevalence rate and probable maternal risk factors for these anomalies were calculated. Prevalence rate of oral clefts was 0.6/1000. Moreover, we found a prevalence rate of 0.15/1000 for CL, 0.25/1000 for CLP and 0.2/1000 for CP, respectively. These results indicated that the prevalence of oral clefts among neonates in Tehran city is so close to that of negroid newborns. Compared with previous reports in Iran, the obvious decrease in prevalence of oral clefts in our study may correspond that the mothers' anxiety is a major risk factor in development of oral cleft in newborns

[ prospective study of 42 consecutive patients with Sub-acute aseptic meningitis and Meningoencephalitis]

Introduction. Evaluation of patients with aseptic meningitis is a particularly challenging task. The term sub-acute aseptic meningitis refers to patients who have clinical and laboratory evidence of meningeal inflammation with negative routine bacterial cultures for more than one week. Forty two consecutive adults [ages > or = 14] with sub-acute aseptic meningitis [SAAM] and Meningoencephalitis [SAAME] treated in Mashhad medical university hospital, Iran, during years 2002 to 2004 were included in the study. The patients prospectively analyzed with respect to clinical symptomatology, cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] findings, clinical course, treatment and outcome. 54.8% of patients were female and 45.2% were male. Headache [95.2%] and fever [71.4%], nausea and vomiting [85.7] and altered mental status [26.2] were the presenting symptoms in the majority of cases. CSF findings at the first lumbar tap on admission generally revealed lymphocytic pleocytosis of less than 1000 cells per micro 1, mild to moderately elevated protein and hypoglycorrhachia. Initial antimicrobial therapy was achieved in 15 of cases, and consisted of empirical anti-tuberculosis, Ceftriaxon and Ampicillin in 23.8%, 7.1% and 4.8% respectively. Eighteen of the 42 SAAM and SAAME cases [42.9%] were caused by tuberculosis [TB], seven by Brucellosis [16.6%], three due to partially treated bacterial meningitis [7.1%], one due to carsinomatos Meningitis [2.4%], and in 13 patients [30.9%] the etiology remained unknown. Two of the patients with different type of meningitis [one Tuberculous and one carcinomatous] were died [4.7%]. The outcome was good in the majority of cases. In our country tuberculosis is an important cause of chronic or sub-acute meningitis; hence, abnormal CSF findings compatible with aseptic meningitis and low glucose and high protein should suggest Tuberculosis and specific anti-Tuberculous therapy should be started promptly

[Client tribute plan in Rasht teaching hospitals]

Introduction: One of the measurement indices for effectiveness and development such as in health and treatment sections is client satisfaction with governmental organizations services. In order to promote this plan, client tribute plan has been implemented

Objective: This study is done to evaluate the implementation method of client tribute plan in Rasht teaching hospitals in 2004

Materials and Methods: The research was performed in a cross- sectional descriptive method. Target population of the study consisted of Rasht six teaching hospitals. Measurement instrument used for the study was a check-list so that its validity and reliability has been approved by the quality promotion of Iranian Health and Medical Education Ministry. It was based on three methods of observation, use of documentations and registered data, and interview. In this research all activities related to 10 clients programs were studied

Results: Mean scores related to the education of staff in the study hospitals were 45.3%. They were as follows: 60% in the area of clarification and documentation of providing services for the clients, 68.3% in the area of giving information regarding the method of providing services for people 100% in the field of preparation of ethical charter of the organization in connection with people, 93.3% concerning the prediction for appropriate space and facilities, 73.4% in the area of improvement and amendment of ways for providing services to people, 76.6% survey program from clients, 60% in the area of supervision and inspection, 53.3% concerning the appreciation and encouragement for successful managers and staff and 55% in connection with how to behave with people. The mean total scores from the "clients tribute plan" in Rasht teaching hospitals were 68.34%. Of these, Dr. Heshmat hospital had the highest score by 83.49% and Alzahra madernity hospital had the lowest score by 52.66%

Conclusion: Implementation of clients tribute plan in Rasht teaching hospital was associated with relative success. Also, we will witness the increasing success of this plan by stablishing change and development program in managerial systems as one of the important necessities as well as by changing the punishment and encouragement criteria of managers and staff from the traditional method so that the views of clients can be taken into consideration in this regard

Evaluation of medical students attitude toward future job in Babol University of Medical Sciences [2003]

The recognition of medical students problems related to their future job and resolve them is the duty of higher education system. This study was performed to evaluate the medical students attitude toward their future job in second-stager and intern stages in Babol University of medical sciences. This descriptive, analytical and cross-sectional study was performed on 200 medical students [interns and stagers] in Babol University of medical sciences in 2003. Data was collected by questionnaires consist of two parts. First part related to general information and the second one was related to 20 questions about evaluation of their attitude toward future job. The data were analyzed by Chi- square test to determine the association between variables under study. Most of the students chose medical field with interest and motivation [34.5% very much, 39.5% much] and the aim of majority of them was to acquire a high social position in community [51.5%]. While the attitude of majority of students toward their major changed as compared with the year of their entrance to university [38.5% much 21% very much]. These changes of attitude were almost toward the negative value [57.5%]. The majority of the students [44% much, 17% very much] were satisfied with their major and believed that economical and social problems have little effect on their interest in studying and serving people in community [42.5% little, 19% very little]. Most of the students complained about the lack of job security [79%] and the majority of them believed that it gives them spiritual satisfaction [50.5% much, 22% very much], but they won't reach to desired social situation [56%]. The majority of students were interested in getting MD degree [50% very much, 38.5% much] and believed continuing education is the key to successful [50% very much, 35% much]. In spite of these problems, most of them [50.5% much, 20.5% very much] thought that belief in God is effective. Also, there was not a statistically significant difference between the variables of sex, age, marital status and educational degree with students' attitude toward job opportunity in future. Regarding the changing in attitude of medical students is negative toward the future job, the short or long-term programming should be accomplished for increasing of efficiency and utilities. Therefore, modifying the educational and administrative structure of universities, providing welfare and economic facilities, reducing duration of education, providing opportunity for general practitioners to continue education and the employment of young doctors are the steps that should be taken

[Comparison of hospital based cancer registry of Iran and the United States of America]

Cancer research is one of the essential activities for its control and treatment. Hospital based cancer registry system is an information system designed to collect, organize and analyze data on cancer. The objective of the present study was to compare hospital based cancer registry system in Iran with that in the USA. This research was a comparative study. Studied population included all the health care centers of Tehran, Shaheed Beheshti and Iran medical sciences universities having a pathology laboratory. The findings indicate that [Pars] software program is mainly used in pathology, while [ADS-9] program in medical record departments of the hospitals .Furthermore, requested information about cancer cases was mostly by researchers and students and the least by the hospital heads, cancer committees and physicians councils. 4-8% of cancer information from the pathology departments was demanded by hospital managers, pathology committees, physicians, researchers and students. 60% of cancer information from [medical record departments] was reported to the drug and care deputy of the medical sciences universities to which the hospitals were affiliated. 56% of cancer information from the pathology departments was reported to the health centers outside the hospitals. The hospital based cancer registry system in Iran is imperfect and limited in scope as compared to the registry system in the U.S. The cancer registry in Iran only records demographic information of patients and the type of tumors. Learning from the hospital based cancer registry of the U.S.A can help to improve the hospital cancer registry based system in Iran

[Evaluation of relationship between smile line and age]

Smile line is one of the most important element of the smile esthetics. In an attractive smile, the maxillary anterior curve is parallel to the lower lip. With the changes in face, lips and teeth muscles. Which are caused by aging, this element [smile line] a1so changes. Aging causes smile line to move from its parallel position and in complete smile. Formulate deferent shapes relative to the lower lip curve. Therefore, thorough and accurate information about smile elements and anatomy seems to be essential for attractive smile restoration in various ages. A descriptive research on this issue has been done on 300 men and women between 20 to 70 years of age. Each subject was analyzed and evaluated by carful visual judgment. After the completion of information and evaluation of the result finding based on the clinical observation on students und clients at .Azad University - School of Dentistry have shown that with the passing of age, the smile line gradually changes from parallel from to straight and then reverse form. Other elements of smile such as tooth lower lip position also changes their forms through aging, and different forms such as slightly covered and touching decline while not touching increases. In the position of lip line the high, form declines whereas the low form increases