[Effect of hip abductor muscles fatigue on plantar pressure characteristics during stance phase of walking]

Background and Objective: Muscles fatigue around the joint can altere the movement pattern and increasing the risk of muscle damage. This study was done to determine the effect of hip abductor muscles fatigue on plantar pressure characteristics during stance phase of gait

Methods: This quasi-experimental study was done on 22 males with age ranes of 15-21 years olds. Hip abduction protocol with 50% of one-repetition maximum was used to induce hip abductor muscles fatigue. Average pressure, plantar peak pressure, step duration and the plantar contact area in both feet distribution were collected using before and after the fatigue protocol during gait

Results: Despite the relative reduction in average pressure, contact area and step duration and plantar increase in peak pressure after abductors fatigue, but these differences were not significant

Conclusion: This study showed that the hip abductor muscles fatigue can not alter plantar pressure characteristics during stance phase of gait

[Eimeria infection in dairy cattle of industrial farms in kangavar suburban of Kermanshah province, Iran]

Background: Eimeria infection is an important part of protozoal infection in ruminants which causes economic lost in animal husbandry of Iran and worldwide. Therefore it is important to implement effective control programs on the prevalence and diversity of Eimeria species in livestocks

Objectives:This study was aimed to determine prevalence and Eimeria species diversity in dairy cattle with different age groups under industrial management

Methods: The present study was carried out in industrial cattle husbandry of Kangavar suburban of Kermanshah province, Iran, from spring 2011 to 2012. A total of 307 fresh fecal samples were randomly collected from the rectum of examined animals. The fecal specimens were subjected for flotation technique and collect Eimeria oocysts. The intensity of infection was determined using McMater method. Eimeria species diversity and frequency was also determined by using oocyst sporulation technique in 2.5% potassium dichromate

Results: The overall prevalence was 31.92% [98 out of 307]. The highest prevalence was found in dairy cattle [37%] with 1-3 years old. There was no significant difference between prevalence and different age groups. The highest frequency was significantly in spring [41.66%]. The intensity was variable in examined animals which ranged from 3.18×10[3] to 2.71×10[5]. There was no significant difference between the prevalence and intensity in all age groups. Fecal consistency findings revealed that the highest infection was significantly in dairy cattle with normal fecal consistency in all age groups. According to Laboratory identification, a number of seven Eimeria species were detected in all infected animals. The most common specie was E. zuernii [28.25%] in 5% dairy cattle [1-3 years-old] in spring [30%] and summer [30%]. There was significant association between frequency of Eimeria infection and each season during the course of the study. All infected cattle had mixed infections with two [42.85%] and three [3.15%] species of Eimeria

Conclusions:The results of this study indicated that cattle Eimeria infection was a problem in dairy cattle of industrial farms in the region. Attention should be paid within seasonal infection in young cattle to avoid probable clinical coccidiosis, particularly in farms with poor hygienic conditions and no prophylactic treatments