[Double maxillary central incisors: a case report]

Fusion and Gemination are developmental anomalies of the dental hard tissue. The preferred terminology for these two abnormalities is [double teeth]. A 10 year-old boy presented with a [double] maxillary permanent left central incisor. In clinical and radiographic examination, a large crown with two distinguishable roots and pulp spaces was observed. Double teeth usually need a multidisciplinary approach. Because of the communication found between the pulp spaces, endodontic treatment was performed followed by periodontal surgery to remove one of the roots and its corresponding crown. Finally, restorative and orthodontic treatment was provided

Evaluation of antifertility effect of the seed oil constituents of Iranian species of melia azadarach L. in male rats

Convenient and effective contraceptive methods have been the subject of extensive and versatile research project, during the past 50 years. In this respect, the use of active herbal constituents is one of the topics of research and investigation. In this study the antifertility activity of seed oil extract of Iranian species of Melia azadarach L. in northern district of country, on male rats, during 2 consecutive steps have been evaluated. The seed oil extract have been prepared according to conventional methods, and were administered orally in 50 and 100 mg/kg daily doses for 60 days. In the first step, the inhibition of fertility indices were assessed with the help of, sperm viability, sperm motility, ESR [Epididymal sperm reserves], DSP [Daily sperm production], GSI [Gonado stomatic index], fertility indices, and serum testosterone content. In the subsequent stage, 3 months after the 60[th] day of compounds administration, the reversibility of the a formentioned indices are determined again. In the first step, a significant reduction in fertility indices to control especially in higher dose were observed. During the next stage, the significant increase in fertility indices are the indication of reasonable recovery and reversibility of extract activity. In summery, the result of this study of this study showed that its activity is reversible

attitudes of Kerman medical school interns toward social medicine course

Background: interns' attitude has strong association with their experience and judgment. It is actually one of the effective factors influencing the development and modification of medical education

Purpose: the present study was carried out in order to compare the attitude of interns before and after the training course of social medicine

Methods: in this quasi-experimental study data was gathered by using a questionnaire with internal consistency coefficient of 0.86% and 0.89% respectively before and after the course. Interns were selected via convenience sampling. Interns filled out pretest [before taking the course] and post test [after taking the course] questionnaires and the results were compared and analyzed through parametric and nonparametric tests

Results: a total of100 students participated in the study. There was significant difference in mean of attitude score between pretest and post test results [P<0.05]. In order to compare the rank of each attitude item in the two stages, "Sign test" was used. All 27 items showed significant difference [P<0.05]. No significant difference was observed between two sexes in both pre and post tests

Conclusion: according to the results of the present study, researchers found out that social medicine training courses had considerable effects on interns' attitude and could cause alterations in their attitude toward social medicine objectives