[ effect of seasonal variation on the essential oil components of page mandarin [[c.reticulata var dancy x C.paradisi var dancan] x C.clemantina] peel]

It is appear, that the harvesting time of fruit is one affecting factor on the amount of flavor constituents existed in fruit peel oil [aldehydes, alcohols and esters]. The goal of the present study is to investigate on flavor constituents of page mandarin peel and their variation during a season. In the last part of November and February 2009, ten mature fruit were harvested and their Peel oil was extracted by using cold-press and eluted by using n-hexan, then analyzed by GC and CG-MS. In the last part of November, the amounts of aldehydes, alcohols and esters existed in the fruit peel oil were 1.34, 1.87 and 0.17, respectively. In the last part of February, these amounts were 0.46, 1.06 and 0.04, respectively. Oxygenated constituents, especially decanal and linalool, showed remarkable decreased in their relative concentration as the fruit harvested lately, where as the concentration of limonene showed a corresponding increase

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils from flower and leaves of Lagochilus kotschyanus boiss: a new species from Iran

The genus Lagochilus, family Lamiaceae consists of 44 species, 33 of which grow in central Asia. Only one report on the analysis of essential oil of Lagochilus species has been published. Aim of this study is to determine the chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the hydrodistilled oil of flower and leaves of Lagochilus kotschyanus Boiss. of Iranian origin for the first time. The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the flower and leaves of L. kotschyanus were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The antimicrobial activities were determined by measuring the growth inhibitory zones [well diffusion assay]. The major constituents of the flower and leaf oils appeared to be myrcene [28.2% and 36.6%], alpha-pinene [25.9% and 29.8%] and beta-caryophyllene [10.3% and 9.4%], respectively. In L. kotschyanus we identified 34 components representing 95.2% and 18 constituents representing 96.3% of the flower and leaf oils, respectively. Both oils were rich in regard to monoterpene hydrocarbons [72.7% and 79.7%] respectively. The sesquiterpene fraction was relatively small, representing 19.4% and 14.1%, respectively. Antibacterial activity was measured using the growth inhibitory zones. It was found that oil from leaves and flowers of L. kotschyanas, and especially that of flowers, exhibited interesting antibacterial activity

Biosorption of nickel [II] from aqueous solutions by marine red alga gracilaria corticat

The kinds of pollutants such as heavy metals, especially, can be removed from water and waste water by biological materials via biosorption.These heavy metals can be also recovered by adsorbents. The mentioned methods have more importance due to the advantages such as cheapness. In this study marine red alga Gerasilaria sp. was used as an aquatic fern to remove Ni2+in the flow operation. A glass column with an internal diameter of 2 Cm and 35 Cm in length were investigated as a packed column. The adsorption process with influencing factors such as initial concentrations, pH, retention time [15, 30 and 45 min], and adsorbent dosage [2.5 and 3.5 g] in temperature home were considered. Synthetic solution of Ni [II] in distilled water was prepared using NiCl[2].6H[2]O [97%] with initial concentrations 25, 40, 70 mg/L. The maximum uptake at pH=5 were obtained 83.01%, 80.69% and78.23% respectively. An atomic absorption spectrometer [GBC-932] was used for analyses of the artificial waste after exposure to alga. It was shown that the non-living Gerasilaria sp. adsorb according to Langmuier physical low and the kinetic studies was appeared that all of the used non-living alga samples adsorbed according to a second order model of kinetic

[Antibacterial effects of Persian Gulf Scomberomorus commerson liver oil]

Investigation of antibacterial effects of Persian Gulf Scomberomotus commerson liver oil. Experimental study. Five adult Persian Gulf Scomberomorus commerson. Antibacterial effects of the chloroform and n-butanol extracted liver oil were tested by agar diffusion test and determination of MIC [Minimum inhibitory concentration]. The test organisms were four ATCC [American Tissue Type Culture Collection] standard Laboratory bacteria [Escherichia Coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bucillus subtilis]. Descriptive study. Both fractions had significant antibacterial effects on S.aureus and B. subtilis. Antibacterial effects of the n-butanol extract were wider and were effective against E.coli and P.aeroginosa

[ review on biological effect of Cleome L. and identification the compositions of Cleome coluteoides essential Oil]

Cleome belongs to Capparidaceae family which are annual or perenial forbs and or shrubs, often with bottomnal coverage. Research in other parts of world has determined that some species of this plant such as C.drosiflolia, C.hirta, C.gynandropsis, C.chrysantha and C.gunandra and several other species have had antibacterial effects and or native people use some of these species as traditianal drugs. Considering that different species of Cleome have wild separation in Iran and little research have been done about them. Aerial parts of Cleome coluteoides was collected from North East of Tehran [Khojir National Park], in June 2002 and was identified by Dr.Mozafarian. A voucher specimen has been deposited at the Herbarium of Research Institute of Forests and Ranglans [TARI], Tehran, Iran. Air-dried aerial parts at the plants were ground and subjected to hydrodistillation for 2h using a Clevenger-type apparatuse to give a yellew oil in [0.6% w/w] yield. Also some of the C. coluteoides was extracted with nonpolar solvent [n-hexan] and then the solvent was evaporated. The essential oil obtained from two methods were ananlysed through combination of GC [retention-indices] and GC/MS. The major components in essential oils of C. coluteoides In hydrodistillation method: Carvacrol [46.124%], Phethalic acid [10.682%] Heneicosane [5.382%] Solvent extraction method: Xylene [29.923%], Dodecane [14.435%] Essential oil obtained from extraction with water, has shown 46mm inhibitory effect on Bacilus cerius and 18mm effect on Staphilocucus ureus