ABSTRACT
Perceptual abilities [reaction time and anticipatory skill] are essential for successful performance in daily activities. Training in dynamic and unpredicted sport domains such as volleyball might make changes in perceptual abilities of athletes compared to non-athletes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare reaction time and anticipatory skill of volleyball players versus non-athletes. Eleven female volleyball players and 11 female non-athletes participated in this study. Auditory choice reaction time, auditory complex choice reaction time, visual choice reaction time, visual complex choice reaction time, anticipatory skill of the high speed of the ball and anticipatory skill of the low speed of ball of both groups were analyzed by a software [Speed Anticipation Reaction Test [SART]]. Statistical analysis did not show any significant differences between two groups in both auditory reaction time tests [P> 0.05]. However, volleyball players showed better results in visual choice reaction time, visual complex choice reaction time, anticipatory skill of the high speed of the ball and anticipatory skill of the low speed of ball tests [P> 0.05]. Volleyball players acquire extensive knowledge of sport specific patterns of perceptual abilities due to experiences within the volleyball domain and due to the efficient extraction of this knowledge in similar conditions such as, computerized neurocognitive tests, they have superior perceptual skills than non-athletes
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Athletes , Motor Skills , Cognition , VolleyballABSTRACT
To investigate effects of 2 different jump types on vertical leg stiffness and performance parameters in healthy young women. People usually use various types of high jumping. It seems any model may have different effects on biomechanical parameters of the human body. Present study determined the effect of 2 jump types on performance parameters and vertical leg stiffness as a mechanical response of body to perturbations which occur during jumping. Vertical leg stiffness and performance parameters [jump height, flight time, contact time and power] were calculated in 25 healthy female subjects, under 2 conditions of Squat Jump [SJ] and Counter Movement Jump [CMJ]. Vertical leg stiffness [P= 0.028] and jump height [P= 0.039] were significantly higher in CMJ than SJ. Jump type has not any significant effects on the flight time [P= 0.1], contact time [P= 0.7] and power [P= 0.3]. Counter movement jump increases the muscle force production, work output and GRF and may cause improvement in jump performance. Increased vertical leg stiffness improves performance as well as the risk of injury
ABSTRACT
Measurement of reaction time and anticipation skill are used widely in therapeutic exercises or sport programs. Improvement of anticipation skill and reaction time in any exercise or activity that need fast and correct reaction time for deciding and doing a suitable movement, can improve the motor control and its strategies as well as central processing. There is a need for an easy-to-use program that can run reaction time tasks and anticipation skills with no special experiments. There is no system for objective measurement of above variables in our country, so designing and construction of a system for reaction time test and anticipation skill estimation was carried out. A system that consist of software, lap top, LCD and key board was designed. The software of the system had two subsystems for measuring reaction time and estimating anticipation skill. By use of the above equipments, 6 tests of video choice reaction time, audio choice reaction time, video complex choice reaction time, audio complex choice reaction time, high speed anticipation skill and low speed anticipation skill were performed. Structural and content validity of the system was estimated very high. Current system can use in many therapeutic and sport centers simply and provide basic data about motor control strategies. By use of it, there is a better judgment about effectiveness of various treatments and sport-men selection, too
ABSTRACT
Altered muscle activity in the scapulothoracic and glenohumeral muscles is commonly believed to be a factor contributing to shoulder impingement syndrome [SIS], then, the aim of the study was to determine and compare the activity pattern of the shoulder muscles in subjects with and without SIS. In this case-control study, 9 female subjects with shoulder impingement syndrome and 13 matched healthy female subjects were participated voluntarily by simple random sampling. Surface electromyography of serratus anterior, pectoralis major, upper trapezium, lower trapezium, posterior deltoid, anterior deltoid muscles of dominant side were recorded during Diext and Diflex movement. Muscle activities were processed and compared in subjects with and without SIS. Non parametric test [Mann-Whitney Test]] was used for data analysis. In both movement patterns, all muscles of the patient showed a greater normalized RMS than healthy group but this increase was statistically significant in anterior deltoid [p=0/003, p=0/04], pectoralis major [p=0/01, p=0/02], serratus anterior [p=0/01] and posterior deltoid [p=0/01] during Diext and in lower trapezium [p=0/005,p=0=006] and pectoralis major [p=0/01] during Diflex. The results of this study indicate that patients with impingement symptoms show abnormal muscle activity. The findings support the theory that shoulders impingement may be related to altered muscle activity in the scapulothoracic and glenohumeral muscles
ABSTRACT
Based on WHO, menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from the loss of ovarian follicular activity which is recognized to have occurred after 12 consecutive months of amenorrhea, for which there is no other obvious pathological or physiological cause. It is the beginning of a phase of women's' life with somatic and metabolic changes which leads to decrease in quality of life, osteoporosis and heart diseases. Because of increasing the number of women experiencing post-menopausal life, studying the pattern of age in onset of menopause seems necessary. Non-parametric method to estimation the pattern of the age at natural menopause was introduced. For applied purpuses, data from a survey in Garmsar that it is performed on 581 women aged 30 years or older. The pattern of age at menopause was estimated for them using prevalence of menopause in each age group. The mean and median of age at natural menopause were 51.9 +/- 3.6 and 52.2, respectively. Increasing of menopause was slow from age 30 to 43, but a speed-up in monopause was observed until 55 years old, and then it was decreased slowly. compared to the other regions of Iran, the mean of age at natural menopause in Garmsar seems greater
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Age Factors , Postmenopause , Statistics, Nonparametric , Cross-Sectional Studies , Epidemiology , PrevalenceABSTRACT
During our study [summer of 1994] twenty two Tatera indica were collected and two out of them [9.09%] were naturally infected with amastigote. Parasites were cultured in NNN+LIT medium and isolated promastigotes were sent to the Medical University of Montpellier in France for identification. The result of isoenzyme showed, the parasite was Leishmania major zymodem MON 26-[=LON 1], therefore Tatera Indica was known the main reservoir host of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in the west of Iran. This is the first report on the isolation and identification of L.major zymodem MON 26-[=LON 1] from this species of rodent. In the meantime, Rhombomys opimus was absent in these areas