ABSTRACT
The paper delves into hermeneutics, a subject in philosophy of medicine. First we have an overview on the history, definitions and categories of the theory. Next we discuss three viewpoints in this area, namely subjective, dialogic and holistic, which deal with different ways of interpreting a disease. A hermeneutics attitude to medicine aims to make a relation between modern medicine [having a particularistic point of view] and traditional medicine [having a holistic point of view] in order to achieve better diagnosis and treatment. There have been some efforts in the field carried out by scientists such as George Engel, who suggested bio- psycho- social model against bio-medical- model; nevertheless they are not complete enough. The most important downside of these alternate models is insufficient speed in diagnosis. Finally, we introduce Derrida's viewpoint which can be thought as a comprehensive eclectic view, covering all previous ones and a means to better interpretations in medicine. This study is interpreting review of the matter and consider to the great theoretical point of view. Our hypothesis tries to verify that using hermeneutics as a method in medicine will gradually lead us toward a systematic use of interdisciplinary sciences such as complementary medicine. The data collection method is by available studies done by domestic and foreign researchers. The hermeneutics approach in medicine, on the one hand, it shows different ways of interpreting a disease in theory forms and other it emphasize to place of philosophical comprehensive attitude and necessity use of interdisciplinary sciences in medicine because of two - dimensional human essence [body and soul]
Subject(s)
History, Modern 1601- , Medicine, Traditional , Holistic HealthABSTRACT
Cytokines production as one of the inflammatory pathways in CNS is responsible for most brain damages following ischemia. On the other hand, during inflammation and brain ischemia, most of the renin- angiotensin components [RAS] increase locally. While it is established that blockade of RAS especially AT1 receptors has a protective effect on ischemia, the interaction of cytokines and angiotensin II is not well understood. This study was designed to investigate the effect of angiotensin II inhibitor on cytokine production as well as brain edema. Fifty-four male mice were randomly divided into 5 groups of normal, Sham operated, ischemia, Pretreatment with enalapril [high dose], and Pretreatment with enalapril [low dose] for the measurement of IL-IB and TNF-alpha in the brain and blood serum by ELIZA method. Ischemia caused a significant increase in water content and neurological deficit scores as well as cytokine levels. Treatment with enalapril had paradoxical effect on ischemia. In high dose, 85% of the animals showed convulsion after reperfusion. The IL-1 beta in serum and neurological deficit scores of this group were high, in accordance with clinical signs. In contrast, the low dose of enalapril, had protective effect on ischemia. It caused a significant reduction in brain concentration of both IL-1 beta and TNF- alpha [P<0.05] and improved significantly the neurological deficit scores and brain water content as well. [P<0.05]. Enalapril as an ACE inhibitor, has a dual effect on stroke. At low dose, it has a protective role at least in part by suppressing the local production of pro-inflammatory cytokines while, at high dose, it increases the inflammation by an unknown mechanism