ABSTRACT
To identify reasons why married women use withdrawal when they do not desire pregnancy. This was a qualitative study. We performed 50 interviews with women who were using withdrawal contraception. Theory of Planned Behavior used as framework for elicitation salient believes about contraception methods. Participants were married women who were not currently pregnant, not desire to have a child, using withdrawal contraception. Women gave many reasons for using withdrawal contraception. Three major categories emerged: behavioral believes, normative believes and control believes. The results suggest that multidimensional interventions may be needed to effectively reduce withdrawal contraception and unwanted pregnancy
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Pregnancy, UnwantedABSTRACT
Known biological effects of crown ethers influence us to investigate its effect in human body and use in drug production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Dibenzo-18-crown-6 on colony formation of bone marrow cells of mouse in culture medium and to find the probable mechanisms of the process. In this experimental study, red bone marrow cells of mouse [Balb/C] were used as source of haemapoietic stem cells. Culture of red bone marrow cells was done in the form of semi solid in the presence of different concentrations of crown ether, cAMP, PHO4H2K and PO4H2Na. Different concentrations of crown ether have significant inhibitory effects on colonizing of red bone marrow cells. The maximum inhibitory effect was observed in concentration of 80 mg/ml crown ether and no colony was found. The inhibitory effects of crown ether was diminished in the presence of cAMP with concentration of 10 X 10[-6] mol, PO4H2Na with concentration of 10 X 10[-6] mol and PO4H2K with concentration of 5 X 10[6] mol, but it couldn't achieve the level of control group without presence of crown ether. HPLC method demonstrated that remaining level of crown ether reached to zero after sixth hour. The inhibitory effects of crown ether in control of colonizing the red bone marrow cells occur via decreasing of cations value and changing the physiological function of membrane resulting disorder in the cAMP signaling pathway