ABSTRACT
Adequate lighting in work environments can increase productivity and concentration and reduced fatigue. Light and illumination studies have been done mainly in industrial environments, and public or administrative environments were less under consideration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ultraviolet radiation and illumination level at Kerman Medical Sciences University libraries. In this study, the total, natural and artificial amount of illumination was measured at two different times, at the center of the designated stations in 14 study halls and the height of 30 inches by Hagner [Model EC[1]] luxmeter. Also, ultraviolet radiation [UVB and UVA] was measured by Hanger [Model S4] equipped with UVB and UVA detectors. The results of ultraviolet radiation and illumination level measurements were compared with standard by Excel. The overall, natural and artificial illumination level, in 28.57%, 100% and 71.42% study halls was less than the National and IESNA standard [300 lux]. The School of Nursing has the highest amount of UVB and UVA radiation in both total and natural light measurements. The Shahid Bahonar Hospital, men's section had the highest amount of UVB and UVA radiation in artificial light measurements. Initiatives such as proper alignment of bulbs, periodic dusting and cleaning, regular replacing of burnt bulbs, using study desks with the appropriate level of brightness, placing lamps at appropriate heights, and using bulbs with less UV radiation can improve the lighting situation in libraries
Subject(s)
Lighting , Occupational Exposure , Equipment Design , Libraries/standards , Universities/standardsABSTRACT
Due to the unique absorption and anti-microbial properties of nanoparticles, making use of them for removal of bacteria in water and wastewater is growing. Application of these substances in removal of bacteria in municipal wastewater is an important matter which we will investigate in this research. In this cross-sectional study, the sampling period was completed from summer untill fall of the year 2010 at incoming sewage treatment plant in Kerman City. Samples were grown on nutrient agar culture media and then 180 Mueller Hinton agar medium was prepared. Different concentrations of nanoparticles at ratio of 1:10 were injected on media containing the bacteria. After incubation, the level of CPU per milliliter was calculated by counting the number of colony. Tests were done based on [water and wastewater standards] book. No observed effect concentration [NOEC] for zinc oxide nanoparticles for Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria, bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli was 5, 5, 8, and 80 mg/1 respectively, and 100% mortality for all the bacteria was in 6000 mg/1. NOEC of nano copper oxide for mentioned bacteria was in, 5, 7, 90, and 98 mg/1 respectively and in the concentration of 6000mg/l the mortality percent of all three bacteria excluding Escherichia coli [Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa] was 100% and for escherichia coli was 92%. NOEC of nano titanium dioxide for mentioned bacteria was 5, 90, 95, and 200 mg/1 respectively, and in the concentration of 6000mg/l mortality of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli was 96%, 81%, 89%, and 43% respectively. The results showed that with increasing concentration of nanoparticles, removal of bacteria increased as well. [P<0.05]. The effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the removal of gram negative and positive bacteria was higher than Titanium dioxide and copper oxide nanoparticles. So application of this method after investigating economic balances and other factors for removing of bacteria from sewage via this method is recommended