Effect of Allicin of garlic on production nitric oxide of macrophage to Candida albicans

Garlic is an herbal plant having various compounds. one of the most important of which is allicin with antibiotic property. Candida Albicans is opportunistic yeast which in case of immune system dysfunction is considered as a pathogenic agent. Immune mechanisms against this fungus are Macrophages which act with oxidative and non-oxidative fungicide mechanisms. Oxidative mechanism includes active oxygen and nitrogen mediators which are produced by active macrophages and thereby the microorganisms are eliminated. The aim of this study was to investigate Allicin effects on the increase activites macrophage to product of Nitric Oxide It is examined in this study the effect of garlic allicin on macrophages' activity in releasing Nitric oxide against Candida Albicans. Garlic allicin was prepared by the method of chloroformic extract, and then made to react with macrophages from male mouse Balb/c with 2-8 week of age in vitro. Candida Albicans was divided into two groups: with and without allicin. Both cases compared as positive and negative samples, the rate of macrophages' activity was determined through production of Nitric Oxide. After examining the rate of Nitric Oxide produced by macrophages, results showed that allicin as a natural material activates immune system against this fungus, so that macrophages with allicin can produce more Nitric Oxide than the group without allicin. This was obtained by comparing the results from these two groups and the control group. Regarding the important role of Candida Albicans in Candidiasis and applying the preventing agents by this fungus in suppressing the macrophages' activities in producing Nitric Oxide, and also by studying related literatures, we concluded that allicin extracted from garlic can affect greatly on the macrophages' activities in producing Nitric Oxide against agents of Candidiasis disease

Ability of indigenous bacillus licheniformis and bacillus subtilis in microbial enhanced oil recovery

Microbially produced lipopeptide have been isolated and studied for microbial enhanced oil recovery. About 60 gram positive bacteria isolated from soil contaminated with crude oil, near the crude oil storage tank in Tehran Refinery, Tehran, Iran. However, most of these studies have produced lipopeptide by one of the pure-culture microbes isolated in a laboratory. Among the isolates, heamolytic tests revealed two biosurfactant producers. The isolated strains were designated as C2, E1. By using morphological, biochemical and molecular biology tests [16 SrRNA], the strains identified as Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtitlis, respectively. Emulsification activity and measurement of surface tension indicated that, the isolates were high producers of biosurfactant. The product of C2 and E1 is mainly lipopeptide. This product reduce surface tension from 65 to 30 mN/m. Emulsified activity of crude oil was 92% for C2 and 90% in case of E1. This is the first report of indigenous Bacillus lichenifbrmis and Bacillus subtilis from a soil contaminated with oil in an Iranian refinery with ability to produce biosurfactant

Evaluation of the susceptibility of dermatophytes to garlic extract

In this study, we evaluated the activity of garlic extract against Dermatophytes which is planned to be used instead of chemical durgs. Garlic has been widely used as medicine since ancient times for varieties of illnesses, including abdominal pain, parasitic infection, insect and snakebites, hemorrhoid and rheumatism. In the last decades, garlic has been reported to display antibiotic and antifungi activities. Garlic was obtained from Hamadan, Iran. Using the Mantis method, dry garlic bulbs were peeled and homogenized with two parts of distilled water in a blender and liquid garlic extract was obtained. Then the homogenized garlic extract was run through Amicon DIAF10 ultra-filtration system, using XM and PM membranes. The ultra-filtrated fractions were collected as Residue [R] 300, 100, 50, 30, 10 and filtrate [F] 10. The fractions were evaluated by SDS-PAGE, using 14 percent Acrylamide gel. Serial dilutions of fraction from 1/2 up to 1/32 were tested against each Dermatophyte in Sabourauds Dextrose agar and Minimum Inhibition Concentration [MIC] was obtained. The Dermatophytes tested included: Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes, Triochophyton Mentagrophytes var. interdigitale, Tricophyton rubrum, Tricophyton tonsurans, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum and Epidermophyton floccosum. An ointment was prepared with Fraction F10 as active ingrediant and was used for treatment of dermatophitosis of ginea pigs. The result showed that F10 inhibited growth of Microsporum canis, Epidermophyton floccosum, Tricophyton rubrum, Tricophyton tonsurans. MIC 1/4 was active against Microsporum gypseum and 1/2 against Triochophyton Mentagrophytes var, interdigitale. Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. Mentagrophytes was resistant to all dilutions. lso the ointment used for treatment of dermatophitosis of guinea pig showed a statistically significant inverse relation between the severity and diameter of lesions and the duration of treatment [p<0.01]. This research showed that F10 fraction, which contains nonprotein components, is the most effective treatment for dermatophitosis

Production of biosurfactant from Iraninan oil fields by isolated Bacilli

Crude oil and water samples were collected from selected Iranian oil reservoirs. Experimental works were carried out in laboratory conditions. The samples have been grown on PYG medium and incubated at 30-80 0C. Thirty-six mesophile and thermophile bacterial strains have been isolated. All the isolates were able to grow at aerobic condition. Batch growth kinetic studies were carried out in a 500 ml. shake flask. Out of 36 isolated strains from 24 crude oil and water samples, 35 strains were gram positive rod. Shaped spore forming bacteria and one strain was coccid form. Eight out to 35 bacillus species were capable of producing surfactant. Production of biosurfactant was found to be cell growth associated. The ability of surfactant producing bacteria indicated by reduction of surface tension [ST] and interfacial tension [IFT] of the supernatant. Eight strains obtained the IFT reduction in crude oil, hexadecane, sucrose, glucose, fructose and mannose medium as a sole source of carbon and energy at 40 0C by 15-30 mN/m. Results showed that all the bacteria are producing more surfactant when glucose is the carbon source. Further screening of biosurfactant producer showed that three of the isolated strains resulted the maximum ST and IFT. Effect of temperature on these three isolates investigated at 30-80 0C, above 50 0C surfactant production was dramatically reduced. The isolated strains had the capacity to produce the surfactant at 3-5% NaCl a wide rang of pH [6.5-8.5]