ABSTRACT
Background:Cervical cancer, one of the gynecological cancers, is a serious health concern in Ghana. To improve the chances of survival and treatment outcomes for this condition, early screening and detection is the best remedy. Comprehensive knowledge and positive attitude highly influence acceptability and uptake of screening methods.Objective:To assess the knowledge about cervical cancer and screening practice among females in secondary and tertiary institutions and uneducated females in Tamale-Ghana. Methods:Females (n = 300) between the ages of 15 and 49 years, comprising 100 participants in three categories (senior high school, tertiary institution and the non-educated) were recruited into the study. Data was gathered through a semi-structured questionnaire, and analyzed by descriptive statistical methods.Short Research Article Results:Approximately 61.3% of the participants have heard about cervical cancer, 33.1% and 29.9% of themgot the information from school and the media respectively. Of those who have heard about cervical cancer, only 19.3% had considerable general knowledge about the condition. A significant association (p= 0.02) was observed between educational level and knowledge about cervical cancer. Meanwhile, only 5.3% of the 300 participants were previously screened for cervical cancer. Lack of information about cervical cancer was the most reported reason (46.6%) for not attending cervical cancer screening. Conclusion: Proactive intervention is requiredin the study area towards preventing new diagnosis through mass education, establishment of cervical cancer control programs, as well as screening and treatment centers
ABSTRACT
The eradication of H. pylori has become an important issue; since Helicobacter pylori infection can cause chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric cancer and (MALT) lymphoma. Standard triple therapy efficacy has decreased gradually worldwide during the last decade and quadruple therapy is recommended as an alternate treatment option for the management of H. pylori. The aim of this study was to compare between triple and quadruple therapy for eradication of H. pylori in Iraqi patients with peptic ulcer disease, and to treat the patients who relapsed after triple therapy. In addition to that; response to therapy (triple and quadruple) have been evaluated according to the Body Mass Index (BMI). A prospective case controlled study was carried on 60 patients who had peptic ulcer disease and positive H. pylori infection confirmed by (histology; stool antigen test and anti-H. pylori IgG antibody test) patients were divided into 3 groups first group involved 38 patients treated with triple therapy (500 mg clarithromycin capsules; 1 g amoxicillin capsules; and 20 mg esomeprazole capsules) for 14 days. The second group involved 22 patients treated with quadruple therapy (pylera)®; (140 mg bismuth sub citrate potassium, 125 mg metronidazole, and 125 mg tetracycline hydrochloride) for 10 days, while third group involved patients un responding to triple therapy treated with secondline quadruple therapy for 10 days. The results showed that the eradication rate of the per-protocol and intention-to-treat for quadruple therapy was 88.57%, 83.78% respectively which was more than 57.89% per-protocol and 50% intention-to-treat for standard triple therapy with high significant difference (p<0.01). Patients compliance with quadruple and triple therapy was good for the two regimens in spite of the more adverse effect of quadruple regimen compared to triple regimen. On conclusion; the 10 days treatment with quadruple therapy was more effective than 14 days triple therapy that could be attributed to more eradication rate for H. pylori.
ABSTRACT
Many people use bottled water instead of tap water for many reasons such as taste, ease of carrying, and thinking that it is safer than tap water. Irrespective of the reason, bottled water consumption has been steadily growing in the world for the past 30 years. In Egypt, this is still increasing to reach 3.8 l/person/day, despite its high price compared with tap water. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical quality of some bottled water brands and to compare the quality with that reported on manufacture's labeling, Egyptian, and International standards. Fourteen bottled water brands were selected from the local markets of Alexandria city. Three bottles from each brand were randomly sampled, making a total sample size of 42 bottles. Sampling occurred between July 2012 and September 2012. Each bottle was analyzed for its physicochemical parameter and the average was calculated for each brand. The results obtained were compared with the Egyptian standard for bottled water, Food and Drug Administration [FDA], and with bottled water labels. In all bottles in the study, pH values ranged between 7.21 and 8.23, conductivity ranged between 195 and 675 micro s/cm, and total dissolved solids, sulfate, chloride, and fluoride were within the range specified by the FDA. Calcium concentrations ranged between 2.7373 and 29.2183 mg/l, magnesium concentrations ranged between 5.7886 and 17.6633 mg/l, sodium between 14.5 and 205.8 mg/l, and potassium between 6.5 and 29.8 mg/l. For heavy metals such as iron, zinc, copper, and manganese, all of them were in conformity with the Egyptian standards and FDA, but nickel concentration in 11 brands was higher than the Egyptian standards. Twelve brands were higher than the Egyptian standards in cadmium concentration, but on comparison with FDA there were only five brands exceeding limits. Lead concentrations were out of range for all brands. On comparison with the labeled values, the quality of bottled water was not complying with labeled values. Physicochemical parameters in all bottled water examined brands were consistent with the Egyptian Standard and FDA, except for total dissolved solids, nickel, cadmium, and lead. Statistical analysis showed that there was significant difference [P<0.05] in all parameters tested between different brands. Values on the bottled water labels were not in agreement with analytical results