Chlorpyrifos induced modulation in the activities of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes of rats: role of garlic

Chlorpyrifos-ethyl [CPF] is an organophosphate insecticide most commonly used worldwide. Chlorpyrifos was evaluated for its effects on hepatic content of cytochrome bs, P[450], NADPH cytochrome-C reductase, amidopyrine-N-demethylase, aniline 4-hydroxylase activities, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance [TBARS], enzymes concerning liver damage, and the protective effects of garlic in albino rats. Pretreatment of rats with repeated doses of garlic prior to administration of CPF decreased the hepatic content of cytochrome b[5], the activities of NADPH cytochrome-C-reductase, amidopyrine-N-demethylase, aniline-4-hydroxylase and TBARS levels. The activity of glutathione-S-transferase [GST] was significantly inhibited after CPF administration, while, garlic augmented the reduction of GST activity affected by CPF. Liver AST, ALT, ALP and ACP were increased due to CPF administration to rats. Meanwhile, garlic afforded a significant protection against CPF intoxication. It is concluded that repeated doses of garlic may reduce the toxic effects exerted by CPF upon the liver through inhibition of cytochrome P[450] system that activates CPF into its active metabolite. Also, garlic reduces lipid peroxidation and restores the liver damage caused by CPF

biochemical and immunomodulatory effects of marbofloxacin in sheep vaccinated with live sheep pox vaccine

The study was performed to investigate the effect of marbofloxacin [2mg/kg body weight /day] on some immunological parameters in 9 sheep [35-40 kg. body weight] immunized with live attenuated sheep pox vaccine. Sheep were allocated into 3 equal groups. The first group was left as control; the second group was injected intramuscular [I/M] by marbofloxacin [2mg/kg body weight/day for 5 successive days] then vaccinated by intradermal [I/D] injection of 0.5 ml sheep pox vaccine/sheep. The third group was vaccinated with sheep pox vaccine only. The data revealed stimulation in the level of superoxide anion produced by neutrophil represented by detection of cytochrom C reduction level in the 2[nd] group [p<0.05] on the 1[st] day post vaccination, while there was significant depression in the level of lysozyme in the 1[st] two days post vaccination. The level of serum nitric oxide was not affected in the three groups. The lymphocytes transformation depressed significantly [p<0.05] in the 1[st] week post vaccination in the 2[nd] group as compared with the other two groups. It was concluded that marbofloxacin in its therapeutic level induced initial immunostimulant effect on the neutrophil followed by a transient immunosuppressive effect on other cells as macrophage when used before vaccination with live vaccine

Spectrophotometric determination of raloxifene in pure form and pharmaceutical formulation

Five simple and selective spectrophometric methods were developed for quantitative determination of raloxifene [RAL] in pure forms as well as in its pharmaceutical formulation. Method [A] is based on the nitration and subsequent complexation with a neuleophilic reagent forming a yellow colour with [lambda][max] at 389 nm, Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration range 1.5-9 micro g ml[-1]. LOD and LOQ were found to be 0,054 and 0.180 micro g ml[-1] respectively. Method [B] is based on the coupling of the drug as a phenolic compound with the diazonium salt of o-nitroaniline forming red azodye with [lambda][max] at 520nm. Good linearity obtained in the range of 6-48 micro g ml[-1]. LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.711 and 2.372, respectively. Method [C] is based on coupling with diazo reagent [method B] and subsequent chelation with copper sulphate and extraction of the resulting chelate into chrorofom and measuring the chloroformic layer at 388 nm. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration range 6-42 micro g ml[-1]. LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.268 and 0.894 micro g ml[-1], respectively. Method [D] involves the reduction of follin ciocalteu's phenol reagent [FCP] by the drug to give a blue colored product which exhibites an absorption maximum at [lambda][max] 660 nm. Regression analysis of Beer's plot showed good correlation in the concentration rage of 1-8 micro g ml[-1]. LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.043 and 0.145 micro g ml[-1], respectively. Method [E] involves the determination of [RAL] by difference spectrometry, the absorbance of the acidic drug solutions were measured against the alkaline drug solutions at 240 nm and calibration graph was plotted which is rectilinear in the range of 1-8 micro g ml[-1]. LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.032 and 0.134 micro g ml[-1], respectively. The optimization of the reaction conditions is investigated, the methods were successfully applied to the analysis of RAL in its pharmaceutical formulation with good recovery

Potent protective effect of alpha -tocopherol and fish oil on in vivo paraquat induced oxidative damage in rats

The potential protective role of alpha-tocopherol and fish oil against oxidative damage induced by paraquat were investigated. Forty male albino rats with average body weight of 100-120 gm were housed in 8 groups of 5 rats each. The first group served as control and injected with saline, group 2 was injected with a single dose of paraquat [10 mg/kg, intraperittoneally] for 24 h prior to decapitation [P], group 3 was administered orally with vitamin E [100 mg/kg] five times a week [E]. group 4 was administered orally with fish oil [20 mg/kg] five times a week [FO]; group 5 received FO+E, groups 6, 7 and 8 were administrated with P+E, P+FO and P+E+FO respectively. The content of microsomal proteins, drug metabolizing enzymes and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TEARS] were determined in liver microsome after treatment. Vitamin E together with fish oil significantly decreased the content of cytochrome b[5] [p<0.01], c ytochrome P-450 [p<0.001]. glutathione-S-transeferase [p<0.001] and cytochrome C-reductase [p<0.001] when given before paraquat injection. Meanwhile, this combination of vitamin E and fish oil significantly [p<0.05] increased amidopyrine N-demethylase. On the other hand vitamin E and fish oil alleviated the paraquat induced increase in TBARS. In conclusion, oral administration of vitamin E and fish oil are effective in reducing the activity of selected drug metabolizing enzymes and are also effective in reducing lipid peroxidation process caused by paraquat. So, these combinations provide a potent protection against paraquat-induced oxidative toxicity in rats' liver

Effect of feeding by three formulas of herbs and vegetables on the healing of gastric ulcer in male rats

The present article was carried out to investigate the effect of feeding by 3 formulas consisting of three herbs [licorice, thyme and chamomile]; two vegetables [cabbage and artichoke] and a combination of both on the healing of gastric ulcer induced with aspirin in male rats. The obtained results revealed that feeding rats with induced gastric ulcer on herbal or vegetable dried powdered formula or a combination both at 2% for 2 weeks caused significant decreases in the gastric ulcer index, volume and total acidity of gastric juice. The curative ratios from gastric ulcer due to feeding by herbal formula or vegetable formula or both were 43.0 or 22.1 or 57.7%, respectively. The corresponding ratios of the decrease in volume of gastric juice were 27.73 or 39.07 or 39.84%, and in total acidity of gastric juice were 37.07 or 37.09 or 54.83%, respectively. Feeding of these rats on herbal formula or vegetable formula or both of them did not significantly affect the body weight. Histopathological examination of stomachs of rats fed on the above mentioned formulations showed alleviation of gastric mucosal damage and ulceration induced by aspirin. Combination of both herbal formula and vegetable formula showed higher anti-ulcer activity than either of them alone. It can be concluded that feeding diet mixed with a formula consisting of licorice, thyme, chamomile, cabbage and artichoke at 2% to rats with aspirin induced gastric ulcer for 2 weeks produced a marked anti-ulcer effect. This study recommends conducting the experiment on patients suffering from gastric ulcer

Protein and lipids of Peking duck's meat in relation to different diet treatments

Pekin ducks of four weeks age were fed on five differently treated diets, namely, standard diet [18% cereal protein], replaced diet [8% cereal protein + 5% ruman + 5% manure], replaced diet treated by boiling or 1% HCl or 1% NaOH. Feeding was undertaken for four weeks. Gross chemical composition, protein fractions by IEF, lipid classes and fatty acid composition were investigated for duck's meat. Data did not reveal significant differences regarding gross chemical composition, with ash content being the only exception. Electrophoretic patterns explored bands of higher density for diets treated with acid or alkali indicating more hydrolysis of protein and, thereby, elevation of the digestibility of diet. No clear cut trend was traced for lipid classes belonging to legs and breasts. However, all treatments applied in the present study exhibited higher triglyceride fraction as compared to control. It was obvious that treatment of diets by boiling or acid elevated the unsaturated fatty acids in ducks lipid, the effect which is in favor of producing better nutritional quality

Transplantation immunity and isograft size of spontaneous mammary carcinomata in mice

A method was described for determining the size of palpable mammary tumors in a mice without removing the tumor or killing the host. A formula was worked out and nomographs were made for simple and direct use employing only 2 diameters, bisecting the palpable growth at right angles to each other. Small tumor implants [0.05 to 5 cu mm in size] of C 3H spontaneous mammary carcinomas developed palpable tumors with same growth rates and same times of appearance in young syngeneic hosts of C 3H virgin females irrespective of the initial implant size. On the other hand, large implants [25 and 50 cu mm in size] of same carcinomas underwent necrosis and/or regression after an initial retarded growth and delayed appearance in syngeneic hosts.However, animals with regressing tumors from large implants remained refractory to a second challenge implant [0.5 cu mm in size], those with progressing growing tumors from small implants developed large tumors at challenge site.Resistance to challenge implants apparently immunologic in nature could be passively transferred to normal syngeneic hosts by lymph node cells and peritoneal washing cells

Modified allogeneic immunity to Ehrlich ascites tumor with bacterial endotoxin [boivin's antigen] in mice

Allogenic immunity of young adult Swiss albino mice to their residual intraperitoneal tumors after aspiration of their initial ehrlich ascites tumor allografts 12 days post-implantation maintained these mice in complete remission for the rest of their lives.Yet, this solid resistance was depressed when 100 nanogram [ng] amounts of an endotoxinpreparation[Boivin'santigen] wasadministrated subcutaneously three times per week post-aspiration. Ascites tumors relapsed and developed rapidly in the allogenic hosts treated with endotoxin.On the other hand,administration of the endotoxin subcutaneously in ng amounts three times per week starting 24hours after intraperitoneal implantation of the ascites tumor heightened the resistance of the host to its tumor allograft for a week. This was marked by a delayed onset [seven days] and a slower growth rate than the controls.Such resistance was not observed when endotoxin was administrated in higher [10 and 100 ng] or lower [0.1 ng] doses. When endotoxin was administrated subcutaneously in amounts of 0.1 or 100 ng three times per week starting 12 days prior to the intraperitoneal implantation of the tumor allograft, no resistance was observed.The highest dose [100 ng] of the endotoxin had practically no effect on ehrlich ascites tumor cells after an in vitro incubation for one hour when the cells were inoculated back into normal young adult mice, except for a delay of 48 hours in the onset of the ascites tumor. The possibleuseofsystemicadjuvants of immunity in clinical immunotherapy of cancer patients conditioned by such factors as the dose and time of administration in relation to the amount of residual cancer left from a previous treatment was discussed

Australia antigen and anti-australia antibody in lymphomas, leukemias and breast cancer

The sera of 90 lymphoma and 60 leukemic patients were studied for the presence of either HBsAg or anti-HBs using counter-electrophoresis. In addition, the study included 40 breast cancer patients and 20 normal healthy subjects as controls. The findings indicated a close and specific association between hepatitis B infection and leukemia. The frequency of exposure in leukemia patients was 17% compared to 5% in the other groups. Acute leukemia cases with positive HBsAg or anti-HBs reactions indicated a group with very bad prognosis. The causal relationship of hepatitis B virus to certain types of leukemias was discussed