efficacy and side effect of some antiparasitic drugs in normal and S. mansoni infected mice

The present work aims to study the schistosomicidal and side effects of two antibilharzial drugs, the Praziquantel and Anthiomaline beside Fasinex which is used in this field for the first time and was effective in the treatment of fascioliasis. For this purpose, eight groups each of 30 mice were selected, then four groups were infected with S. mansoni cercariae. The treatment started at seven weeks postinfestation when the eggs were detected in the faeces for groups [I, II and III]. Praziquantel, [7.5 mg / mouse] and Fasinex [0.02 ml/mouse] were given per os as a single dose while Anthiomaline [6.5 mg / mouse] was given intramuscularly 3 injections / week for three weeks. The sacrifice of 8 mice for each group was carried out at one week post - treatment for worm load and biochemical analysis of SGOT and SGPT and after four weeks for histopathological examination of the liver and counting worms. The results showed that Praziquantel reduced the worm load by 97.65% and 99.73% at one and four weeks post treatment and had no destructive effect on normal liver function or hepatic-tissues. Also, it improved the liver function and the pathological picture of the liver, leaving only fibrosed egg granulomes, in the infected mice. Anthiomalin reduced the worm load by 81.86% and 96.27% after the same periods. It had slight destructive effect on the liver function in both normal and infected mice [elevation of SGOT and SGPT, also produced some swelling, vacuolation and hydropic changes in the hepatocytes of these groups]. Fasinex reduced the worm load by 52% and 60.33%. It had slight destructive effect in the liver function for normal and infected groups, but the drug had no toxic effect on the liver tissues in these groups

Effect of protein malnutrition on the immune system of normal rats treated with some immuno depressant drugs

The aim of the present work is to investigate the influence of protein malnutrition on the immuno-toxicological effect of cyclophosphamide [15mg/kg body weight /day for 5 days] and azathioprine [5mg/kg per day for 6 days] treatment on male rats. Two diet groups were used, each of 40 rats, a protein standard diet and a protein malnourished one. Protein malnutrition was induced by restricting the amount of casein in diet to 5% instead of 20% which is the approximate ideal concentration. Histopathology of spleen and thymus, body weight, organ weight and circulating immunoglobulin were chosen as parameters for this study. Histologically, the splenic haemopoeisis was reduced and was a loss in the follicular cells after cyclophosphamide and azathioprine treatment in the normal protein group. The tyniphoid follicles became more structurally disorganized and contained fewer cells in protein malnourished treated group. Thymuses from all treated groups revealed severe loss of lymphocyts but more depletion was obtained in malnourished rats after cyclophosphamide and azathioprine treatments. Significant decrease in circulating immunoglobulin, body weight and organ weight in treated groups was also noticed

Histopathological and histochemical effects of diazepam [Valinil] on rats

Diazepam [Valinil] was used in the present work to evaluate its effects at two doses on the histopathological and histochemical changes in liver and kidney tissues of pregnant rats. Diazepam is being used extensively as a hypnotic drug. The two doses of diazepam were orally administered at concentration levels of 0.09 and 0.9 mg/kg body weight of pregnant rats, at 6-14[th] and 6-19[th] days of gestation. The histopathological results in the liver were in the form of hepatic necrosis with focal areas of lymphocytic aggregates, marked swollen liver cells with granular acidophilic cytoplasm and indistinctive cell boundaries, proliferated bile ducts and vascular changes were also seen. The changes in the kidney were scattered contracted glomerular tufts and degenerated tubular epithelial cells. Also, the carbohydrate content of liver and kidney were significantly reduced while total protein contents of these organs were elevated. These effects were proportional to diazepam concentration and duration of administration

Some toxicological interaction studies of aflatoxin [produced in groundnuts] and some insecticides

The present work is an investigation of the relationship between chronic toxicity of aflatoxin [B1 and G1] and the insecticide methomyl [lannate] to albino rats, by studying certain biochemical and pathological effects on rats chronically fed with aflatoxins or methomyl as well as the combination of both to perform some kind of comparative study. The biochemical parameters included the determination of GPT, GOT, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase and total protein. Histopathology of liver and kidney were also performed. Media extract contained 30 or 90 ug/100 gm gm body weight of each aflatoxin [B1 and G1] and methomyl in a dose equivalent to 1/10 LD[50] [0.17mg/100 b.w] were fed to groups of adult male rats as oral daily doses for 60 days. Also the combination of the aflatoxins [Bl and G1] and methomyl were fed to other groups of rats by the same regimen. The microscopical study of the liver treated with aflatoxin alone or in combination with methomyl revealed hepatocyte degeneration and necrosis with some mitotic activity. Inflammatory cells and intact blood vessels were also seen. The kidneys of these animals showed glomerular and tubular changes. Similar histopathological changes were obtained after methomyl treatment, The biochemical results of the different treated groups revealed a reduction in the serum total protein and an increase in serum creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, GPT and GOP. Methomyl produced no change in the levels of total protein and alkaline phosphatase

Effect of splenectomy on s mansoni infestation and Microscopical picture of liver and lung in mice

The effect of splenectomy on S. mansoni infestation [worm burden, incubation period and pathology of liver and lung] was studied in two groups of mice, each of 40 mice. The first was splenectomized infested group and the second was control infested one. Histopathology of liver and lung was noticed at 50, 100 and 150 days post-infestation. The results showed that the prepatent period was significantly decreased from 44-45 days post infestation in the control group to 37-38 days in the splenectomized one. The number of worm burden was also affected by splenectomy. The histopathological changes of liver and lung in splenectomized mice was more aggressive than in control intact animals. The bilharzial tubercles increased in number, the hepatic tissue showed coagulative necrosis and the pathological changes in the lung appeared earlier and egg tubercles were also increased

Microscopical study on the protective role of some drugs against toxicity of organophosphate in albino rat

The present work aimed at studying the histopathological effects of verapamil hydrochloride [1.75 mg/kg] i.p. and phenytoin sodium [17.5 mg/kg] i.p. as protective agents against toxicity of dimethoate insecticide [214 mg/kg] p.o. Also, to study the role of these agents in enhancing the protection offered by the standard classical pretreatment [SCP] [atropine sulfate 0.5 mg/kg i.p. and obidoxime chloride 25 mg/kg i.p.]. Experiments were performed on the albino rats. Animals were treated with single acute oral dose of dimethoate alone or together with the protective drugs. Sections from the brain, lung, liver, kidney and sciatic nerve were prepared then examined microscopically. Dimethoate alone produced severe changes in lung, liver and kidney of rats. The lung revealed acute broncho-pneumonia, showed marked interstitial pneumonitis and interstitial hemorrhage. The liver showed marked necrosis of hepatocytes, severe portal tract expansion and congestion of blood vessels. Also, the kidney demonstrated severe glomerular congestion, marked tubular necrosis and interstitial hemorrhage. Pretreatment with verapamil and phenytoin produced mild to moderate changes in these organs, as well as, they potentiate the protection offered by atropine and obidoxime. No changes were detected in both brain and sciatic nerves in all groups

Hisopathological, biochemical and teratogenic effects of sodium nitrite [antimicrobial agent] on chicken

The present work deals with the histopathological, biochemical and teratogenic effect of sodium nitrite at two doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg b.wt. in chicken. The present results revealed that sodium nitrite exert histopathological effects on the liver and kidney tissues of chicken. The liver tissues of the treated chicken showed laceration of blood sinusoids and some of the central veins in addition to to cellular damage. Also, the kidney tissues of the treated chicken manfested deformation of the structure of the glomeruli and blocking of the renal tubules with a mucous substance. The toxic effects of either of the two doses of sodium nitrite on serum activities of glutamate oxaloacetate transminase [SGOT], glutamate pyruvate transminase [SGPT] and creatinine concentration [SCR], were also studied. It was found that the repeated doses of 50 or 100 mg/kg b.wt. of sodium nitrite induced a general increase in SGOT and SGPT activities and SCR concentration. Sodium nitrite induced various teratogenic effects in developing embryos on the 16th day of incubatio. Resorption, deaths and growth retardation were significant in the experimental groups as compared with the control one. The total body weights of the embryos treated with two doses of sodium nitrie were statistically highly significnat. Moreover the total length of treated chick embryos were reduced, it was statistically highly significnat. Furthermore, sodium nitrite induced skeletal mal formations respresented by the reduction in ossification of the bones of the skull, ribs, vertebrae and limbs

Histopathological and histochemical changes in response to clobazam on liver and kidney tissues of female pregnant albino rats

present study deals with the histopathological and histochemical effects of clobazam on liver and kidney of pregnant rats. Clobazam is being used extensively as hypontic drug. The two doses of clobazam were orally administered at the level of 0.09 or 0.27 mg/100 gm body weight of pregnant rats, at 6-14 and 6-19 day of gestation. The liver tissue, showed laceration of blood sinusoids and some of the central veins in addition to cellular damage. The kidney of the treated animals manifested deformation of the structure of the glomeruli and blocking of the renal tubules with a mucous sbstance. Histochemical studies on the effect of clobazam n carbohydrates and total protein content in liver and kidney tissue of the treated pregnant rate were examined. Carbohydrates content in tissues of liver and kidney of the treated groups showed sigificnat reduction while signficant elevation in total protein content in liver was found, may a normal or undetectable changes in the protein content in kidney tissue was observed. The present results revealed that clobazam exert histopathological effects on the liver and kidney tissues of pregnant rats

Effect of niridazole [Ambilhar] on mice 1. Histopathological studies

The effect of ambilhar at different dose levels on normal non-infected as well as on Schistosoma-infected mice was studied. Histopathological examination showed the occurrence of degenerative and necrotic changes in the epithelial lining of the seminiferous tubules and inhibition of spermatogenesis in the tests at the dose range of 40 to 100 mg per kg body weight daily for a week. The interstitial cells were not affected. The changes in the tests were associated with manifestations of acute toxicity in mice treated with 40 mg. Changes in the liver were characterized by degenerative changes in the hepatic cells and mononuclear cell infiltrations in the portal tract. Changes related to toxicity were also seen in the kidney, heart, spleen and brain