Anatomical study of the caprine mammary gland and its correspondence to ultrasonographic findings

The present work aimed to provide a guide for the anatomical and systemic evaluation of caprine mammary gland by radiographical and ultrasound mammography which may be a useful technique in the assessment of the anatomical morphology [teat, gland cistern, the duct system, glandular parenchyma and suspensory ligaments]. For this purpose a sum of twenty udder were dissected and six alive goats in different age of lactation were examined by brightness mode [B. mode] ultrasonography with 5 MHZ [sector] and 6 MHZ [Linear] transducer. The dimensions of another 30 teats were also given. The caprine mammary gland acquired a globular pendulous glandular body. From the middle of the base of each body a peg-like teat was erected. By the use of a magnifying lens the teat showed three different layers, an external, middle and an internal one. These layers appeared sonographically as two hyperechoic bands separated by a central hypoechoic one. The cavity system of the mammary gland could be distinguished into a teat canal and lactiferous sinus. The latter comprises a Pars papillaris and Pars glandularis. In addition the glandular portion of the gland depends on the stage of lactation. This could be necessary for further understanding of some surgical and pathological problems that may be beneficial for further studies

Anatomical and radiological observations on the temporomandibular articulation in various mammals Part 1 Ruminants

The present study was carried out on 5 head specimens each from cattle, sheep and goats of different ages and sexes. The aim of this work was designed to investigae the best site for surgical exposure of the tempromandibular joint, the structure of which was anatomically and radiologicallly described

Comparative morphological study on the abdominal musculature of the rabbit and cat

The M. obliques externus abdominis in rabbit was evidently formed of Pars costalis and Pars lumbalis. However in cat, it was represented by a single sheet of muscle fibres. The muscle in both rabbit and cat was inserted by lateral, intermediate and medial aponeurotic sheets. This investigation did not reveal any attachement for the M.oblique internus abdominis to the Tuber coxae, costal arch or the prepublic tendon in both rabbit and cat but it was principally attached to the inguinal ligament and the linea alba. In the cat, the M.transversus abdomisis was composed of a Pars superficialis directed cranio-ventrally and a Pars profunda proceeded caudo-ventrally. This contrasting orientation of the muscle fibres may sustain the abdominal wall against various trauma. In rabbit, this muscle was represented, by a single muscular sheet entirely covered by the M.obliques externus abdominal. In the rabbit, the M.rectus abdominis presented many tendinous intersections which were absent in the cat. The external rectus sheeth in the cat was formed of a superficial and a deep layer while in the rabbit it was represented by a single layer. The anulus inguinalis superficialis and profunda in both animals were fully studied

Some morphological studies on the hyoid muscles of the goat [capra hircus]

The origin, insertion and relations of the hyoid muscles of the goat were described. The obtained results were compared with those of other domestic animals

contribution on the innervation of the teeth in donkey

Work was carried on the heads of ten adult donkeys, to persuade the various nerves supplying the teeth of the upper and lower jaws. It was found that the molar teeth of the upper jaw, except the first one, are innervated by the rami alveolares maxillares caudales, while all the molars of the lower jaw are supplied by the rami alveolares m and ibulares caudales. The premolar teeth are supplied by several branches detached from the rami alveolaris maxillaris [or m and ibularis] media. The canine and incisor teeth are innervated by the rami alveolares maxillares [or m and ibulars] rostrales which issued from the union established between the ramus alveolaris maxillaris [or m and ibularis] media of both sides. The obtained results have been discussed with the available literatures and illustrated by two diagrams