Baseball elbow and elbow joint instability / 体力科学

97 baseball players from high school, universities and companies were subjected to this study in order to attempt to clarify the relationship between derangement of the elbow joint and lateral instabilitly by measuring various conventional parameters and the degree of lateral instability.<BR>From the survey by questionnaire, 29 out of 97 players complained of elbow pain, paticularily on the medial side of the joint. The painful phases of the throwing motions were the acceleration phase (23 players, 61%) and release phase (7 players, 46%) . The hyperexten sion of the elbow on the dominant side was significantly smaller than that observed on the undominant side. X-ray examination revealed osteophyte formation at the tip of olecranon and medial joint space.<BR>On the application of 63 kg⋅cm torque force, the varus deflection angle for the dominant side was 8.3° and that for the undominant side was 8.8°. The valgus angle for the dominant side was 12.2° and that for the undominant side was 10.8°. The varus stiffness (kg⋅cm/angle) was 9.5 for the dominant side and 8.4 for the undominant side. Valgus stiffness were 6.3 for the dominant side and 9.2 for the undominant side.<BR>Thses results indicate that the lateral side become stiffer and medial side become looser in the dominant elbow than in the undominant one.<BR>The unphysiological valgus stress at the acceleration phase would induce the osteophyte formation as well as the elongation of the medial collateral ligament on the medial side of the elbow. At the same time the impigement of the olecranon at follow through phase, would induce the osteophyte formation around the olecranon. Thses two factors would considerably influence the range of motion and the instability of the elbow joint.

A study of physique and physical fitness of field hockey players. (II). A case of Japanese national women's field hockey players / 体力科学

In order to find the characteristics of physique and physical fitness of the field hockey players, data were collected from the Japanese Women's Team members in anthropometric measurements and physical fitness test over an eight-year period starting 1978.<BR>From the data collected for this study the following observations were made :<BR>1. From the data obtained during the last eight years, the tendency to increase or to improve was observed in the mean values of their physique and functional test items.<BR>2. The Japanese National Women's hockey players were superior in agility, especially, side-step-test but inferior in muscular strength, flexibility and cardio-respiratory functions to national players in other activities ; their physique were smaller than others.<BR>3. When compared with hockey players of foreign countries, it was observed that Japanese Women's hockey players were smaller in physique and inferior in muscular strength and cardio-respiratory functions.<BR>4. When individual measurements of three years span were compared longitudinary, upper arm girth, muscular strength of upper limb and trunk had increased and jumping reaction time had improved, but not too many differences were observed in flexibility and cardio-respiratory function during the three years.

A study of physique and physical fitness of field hockey players. I. A case of Japanese National Men's Field Hockey players / 体力科学

In order to find the characteristics of physique and physical fitness of the field hockey players, the data were collected from the Japanese Men's Team members in anthropometric measurements and physical fitness test during the last six years since 1978.<BR>From the data collected for this study the following observation were made :<BR>1. The Japanese National Men's Field Hockey players had superior measurements in agility, especially, Side-Step-Test and cardiorespiratory function but inferior measurements in muscular strength and flexibility than players in other activities<SUP>17)</SUP> ; their physique were smaller than others.<BR>2. When compared with Tokyo Olympic Field Hockey players of twenty years ago, some increments in measurements were recognized in weight, circumferences, muscular strength and cardiorespiratory function; but not too much differences were observed in various longitudinal measurements, jumping reaction time, simple reaction time and flexibility.<BR>3. When individual measurements of three years span were compared longitudinally, circumferences like chest girth and upper arm girth, Vertical jump and Side-Step-Test were increased but cardiorespiratory function declined with the age. The rest of the items did not change much during the span of three years.