Being a first-time father: their experiences and meanings: a qualitative systematic review / Experiencias y significados de ser padre por primera vez: una revisión sistemática cualitativa

INTRODUCTION: Becoming a first-time father is an important change in the life of men and families. Studies on the subject show that these kinds of changes have the power to put life into perspective. Being an involved father has a deep meaning for the child and the family. OBJECTIVE: To explore the experience of becoming a first-time father during the child first year of the life. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A qualitative systematic review was conducted in 2014 in three stages, based on the Joanna Briggs Institute Method for Qualitative Systematic Reviews (QSR). The stages used in this QSR were: establishing the question, determining the type of studies to be included, defining the evaluation criteria, and synthesizing the data. Papers that assessed clinical prognoses were considered such as first-time parenting experience and child care during the first year of life. Only primary qualitative studies including ethnography, phenomenology, narrative analysis, and action research were con sidered. RESULTS: Three meta-syntheses were obtained from the analysis: 1) fatherhood adjustment process, 2) paternal role development, and 3) being an active father. The path towards adoption and the fulfillment of the paternal role is mediated by different processes that are consolidated during the child first year of life. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the idea that fathers want to be active parti cipants in the care of their children, that public policies should consider both parents equal in terms of their parenting responsibilities, and that the protection of the family and the family environment is a priority as a health promotion intervention.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Ser padre por primera vez es un cambio importante en la vida del hombre y la familia. Los estudios en torno al tema demuestran que este tipo de cambios tienen la capacidad de poner la vida en perspectiva. Ser un padre participativo tiene un significado profundo para el niño/a y la familia. OBJETIVO: Explorar la experiencia de ser padre por primera vez durante el primer año de la vida del hijo/a. SUJETOS Y MÉTODO: Se realizó una revisión sistemática cualitativa en 2014 en 3 etapas, basado en el Joanna Briggs Institute Method para Revisiones Sistemáticas Cualitativas (QSR). Las etapas usadas en este QSR fueron: establecimiento de la pregunta, determinar el tipo de estudios a incluir, definir los criterios de evaluación, y realizar la síntesis de los datos. Se consideraron manuscritos que evaluaran los pronósticos clínicos: experiencia de ser padre por primera vez y cuidados del niños durante el primer año de vida. Solo estudios cualitativos primarios incluyendo estudios de etnografía, fenomenología, análisis de narrativa e investigación de acciones fueron considerados. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron tres meta-síntesis del análisis: 1) proceso de ajuste a la paternidad; 2) desarrollo del rol paterno y 3) ser un padre activo. El camino hacia la adopción y el cumplimiento del rol paterno está mediado por diversos procesos que durante el primer año de vida del niño/a se consolidan. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados apoyan la propuesta de que los padres desean ser protagonistas del cuidado de sus hijos/as, que las políticas públicas deben considerar a ambos padres como iguales en términos de sus responsabilidades de crianza, y que la protección de la familia y el entorno familiar es una priori dad como intervención de promoción de salud.

Apoyo social percibido en pacientes con Hipertensión Arterial y Diabetes Mellitus tipo II en Atención Primaria y su relación con autopercepción de salud / Social support, self-rated health, treatment adherence and effectiveness in patients with type II diabetes and hypertension

Background: A high level of social support (SS) is associated with better health outcomes in many conditions, such as chronic diseases. Aim : To describe the level of SS in patients with Hypertension and type II Diabetes at Primary Health Care level in Chile and its association with self-rated health, adherence to treatment and better glycemic and blood pressure control. Material and Methods : SS was measured using a social support inventory previously validated in Chile. Self-Rated Health was assessed with a single non-comparative general question; adherence to medication was assessed using the four-item Morisky medication adherence scale. Blood glucose and blood pressure control were also assessed. A logistic regression was performed to estimate Prevalence Odds Ratio (POR) and Robust Poisson method to estimate the Prevalence Ratio (PR). Results : Eighty three percent of the 647 participants evaluated high for SS. There was a significant correlation between SS and Self-rated health (POR 2.32; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.19-11.23; PR 1.18; 95% CI 1.07-1.31). No statistically significant association was observed with medication adherence, glycemic or blood pressure control. Conclusions: High levels of SS were found. The association between self-rated health suggests that SS interventions targeting vulnerable subgroups would be worthwhile.

Evaluación del Modelo multicomponente de telecuidado de apoyo a personas con prediabetes y obesidad en Chile

Antecedentes: la prediabetes es una condición reversible y su tratamiento una oportunidad para modificar prácticas no saludables. Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad del Modelo Multi-componente de Telecuidado para apoyo a personas con prediabetes y obesidad en Chile. Método: ensayo clínico controlado en centros de atención primaria, Santiago, Chile. Se realizó un muestreo y asignación aleatoria en cada uno de los 5 centros de salud participantes. Participantes: 70 adultos con pre-diabetes, IMC: 25-34 y acceso a telefonía móvil. GI (n = 33), recibió modelo: consejerías telefónicas, envío de SMS, material educativo y equipos auto-monitoreo; y GC (n = 32) atención habitual atención habitual y equipos de auto-monitoreo. Medición pre y post intervención de los conocimientos sobre Prediabetes, alimentación no saludable, actividad física, peso, circunferencia de cintura, Glicemia, Triglicéridos y Colesterol Total. Resultados: en el GI, la intervención fue efectiva en mantener estable el nivel de conocimientos sobre pre-diabetes y disminuir nivel de triglicéridos. El modelo no superó a la atención habitual en disminución del peso, circunferencia de cintura, glicemia y colesterol total.

Background: Prediabetes is a reversible condition and its treatment a chance to change unhealthy practices. Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of a multi-component tele-care model to support people with pre-diabetes and obesity in Chile. Method: a randomized clinical trial in primary care setting, Santiago, Chile. Participants: 70 adults with pre-diabetes: BMI between 25 and 34 and access to mobile phone. GI (n = 33) received telephone counseling, SMS, educational materials and self-monitoring equipment and GC (n = 32) usual care and self-monitoring equipment. Measures of knowledge of prediabetes, unhealthy diet, physical activity, weight, waist circumference, glucose, triglycerides and total cholesterol were made pre and post intervention. Results: in GI the intervention to maintain stable knowledge level about pre-diabetes, and decrease triglycerides level was effective. The model did not exceed usual care for decrease in weight, waist circumference, glucose and cholesterol.

Plan piloto del sistema de comunicación y seguimiento móvil en salud para personas con diabetes / Pilot plan for a mobile health communication and monitoring system for people with diabetes

La mSalud es una herramienta práctica, útil y disponible para la comunicación unidireccional o bidireccional entre profesionales de la salud y el paciente, cuyo uso es especialmente promisorio en países como Chile, con una amplia y creciente cobertura de telefonía móvil muy bien aceptada por la población. Nuestro objetivo es mostrar el proceso de diseño de un modelo de comunicación y seguimiento móvil, destinado a facilitar la comunicación entre profesionales de los centros atención primaria en salud y sus usuarios, para lograr el diagnóstico oportuno e inicio del tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 (DM2). Este modelo se caracteriza por utilizar el teléfono móvil como herramienta de comunicación, ser un método unidireccional (desde los centros de salud hacia los usuarios), estar integrado con la atención presencial que se entrega en los centros de salud, utilizar diferentes estrategias de comunicación (vía voz y escrita), y funcionar integrado en un software diseñado en código abierto. El sistema incluyó la implementación de comunicación personalizada, comunicación automatizada de voz y comunicación automatizada escrita a través de servicio de mensaje corto de voz. Se describen estas estrategias y los componentes del sistema. Entre las lecciones aprendidas, se destaca el aporte de lograr implementar la innovación tecnológica COSMOS (sistemas operadores modulados consolidados en línea, por su sigla en inglés), para apoyar el proceso de cuidado de la salud de las personas con sospecha de DM2 en centros de atención primaria de salud. Para este logro, resulta imprescindible el trabajo conjunto con los equipos en terreno.

mHealth is a practical, useful, and available tool for one-way or two-way communication between health professionals and patients. It is especially promising in countries such as Chile, with widespread and growing mobile telephone coverage that is very well accepted by the public. Our objective is to demonstrate the process for designing a mobile communication and monitoring model, aimed at providing communication between professionals in primary healthcare centers and their patients, to facilitate timely diagnosis and initiation of treatment for type 2 diabetes. This model's characteristics include use of mobile telephones as a communication tool, a one-way method (from health centers to patients), integration into in-person care delivered at health centers, use of different communication strategies (voice and written), and integrated functioning using open-source software. The system includes personalized communication, automated voice communication, and automated written communication using short message service (SMS). We describe the strategies and components of the system. The lessons learned include the contribution from successful implementation of COSMOS (consolidated online modulated operating systems), a technological innovation, to support the health care of people with suspected type 2 diabetes in primary healthcare centers. Working together with teams in the field is essential to this achievement.

Validación inicial de un instrumento de análisis del apoyo a la toma de decisiones para el manejo de enfermedades crónicas / Initial Validation of an Analytical Tool to Support Decision-making on Chronic Illness Management / Validação inicial de um instrumento de análise do apoio na tomada de decisões para o manejo de doenças crônicas

Introducción: el apoyo a la toma de decisiones en salud facilita el automanejo de personas con enfermedades crónicas (EC). Objetivo: validar la versión en español del DSAT-cdm: herramienta de análisis del apoyo en las decisiones para el manejo de EC, desarrollada por Stacey (2006). Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo que aplica un proceso sistemático que considera, entre otros: traducción-contratraducción, desarrollo de escenarios de simulación, entrenamiento de evaluadores, entrenamiento pacientes simulados y capacitación para participantes. Muestra: 15 profesionales y 2 jueces, obteniéndose 60 DSAT-cdm versión español aplicado (pre y pos capacitación). Resultados: el instrumento presentó confiabilidad aceptable en la aplicación entre-jueces y detectó la mejora en la calidad del apoyo a la toma de decisiones en los profesionales. Sin embargo, no se obtuvieron resultados que aportaran a la validez de criterio concurrente. Conclusiones: este estudio es la primera evaluación del DSAT-cdm en idioma español, el resultado principal indica que se detecta un cambio en el desempeño de profesionales para apoyar el proceso de toma de decisiones de sus pacientes y, a pesar estos hallazgos favorables, es necesario seguir evaluando el instrumento.

Introduction: Support for decision-making in health facilitates self-management by persons with chronic illness (CI). Objective: Validate the Spanish- language version of DSAT - cdm: an analytical tool developed by Stacey (2006) to support decision-making on CI management. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study applies a systematic process that considers a number of aspects, such as translation - back-translation, simulation scenario development, training evaluators, simulated patient training and training for participants. Sample: 15 professionals and two judges, obtaining 60 DSAT - cdm with the applied Spanish version (pre and post training). Results: The instrument showed acceptable reliability in application among judges and found improvement in the quality of decision-making support on the part of professionals. However, no results were obtained that contribute to concurrent criterion validity. Conclusions: This study is the first assessment of DSAT - cdm in Spanish. The main result indicates a change is detected in the performance of professionals to support the decision-making process of their patients. Yet, despite this favorable finding, further evaluation of the instrument is necessary.

Introdução: o apoio na tomada de decisões em saúde facilita o automanejo de pessoas com doenças crônicas (ec em espanhol). Objjetivo: validar a versão em espanhol do DSTA-cdm: ferramenta de análise do apoio nas decisões para o manejo de ec, desenvolvida por Stacey (2006). Materiais e métodos: estudo descritivo que aplica um processo sistemático que considera, entre outros: tradução-contratradução, desenvolvimento de cenários de simulação, treinamento de avaliadores, treinamento de pacientes simulados e capacitação para participantes. Amostra: 15 profissionais e 2 juízes, com obtenção de 60 dsat-cdm versão espanhol aplicado (pré e pós capacitação). Resultados: o instrumento apresentou confiabilidade aceitável na aplicação entre juízes e detectou a melhoria na qualidade do apoio na tomada de decisões nos profissionais. Contudo, não se obtiveram resultados que contribuíssem para a validade de critério concorrente. Conclusões: este estudo é a primeira avaliação do dsat-cdm em espanhol; o resultado principal indica que se detecta uma mudança no desempenho de profissionais para apoiar o processo de tomada de decisões de seus pacientes e, apesar dessas descobertas favoráveis, é necessário continuar avaliando o instrumento.

Efecto de un modelo de apoyo telefónico en el auto-manejo y control metabólico de la Diabetes tipo 2, en un Centro de Atención Primaria, Santiago, Chile / Effect of a tele-care model on self-management and metabolic control among patients with type 2 diabetes in primary care centers in Santiago, Chile

Background: Telephone based self-management support may improve the metabolic control of patients with type 2 (DM2) diabetes if it is coordinated with primary care centers, if telephone protocols and clinical guidelines are used and if it is provided by nurses trained in motivational interviewing. Aim: To assess the efficacy ofi a tele-care self-management support model (ATAS) on metabolic control of patients with DM2 attending primary care centers in a low income area in Santiago, Chile. Material and Methods: Two primary care centers were randomly assigned to continue with usual care (control group, CG) or to receive additionally 6 telecare self-management support interventions (IG) during a 15 month period. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was used to measure metabolic control of DM2; the “Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities Measure” and the “Spanish Diabetes Self-efficacy” scale were used to measure self-management and self efficacy, respectively. Changes in the use of health services were also evaluated. Results: The IG maintained its HbA1c level (baseline and final levels of 8.3 ± 2.3 percent and 8.5 ± 2.2 percent respectively) whereas it deteriorated in the CG (baseline and final levels of 7.4 ± 2.3 and 8.8 ± 2.3 percent respectively, p < 0.001). The perception of self-efficacy in the IG improved while remaining unchanged in the CG (p < 0.001). Adherence to medication, physical activity and foot care did not change in either group. In the IG, compliance to clinic visits increased while emergency care visits decreased. Conclusions: The ATAS intervention, in low income primary care centers, significantly increased the probability of stabilizing the metabolic control of patients with DM2 and improved their use of health services.

El niño maltratado: intervención de enfermería / The abused child: nursing intervention

El maltrato infantil es una realidad de gran relevancia en todos los países del mundo. En Chile, el Tercer Estudio de Maltrato Infantil realizado por el Fondo de Naciones Unidad para la infancia [UNICEF] en el año 2006, muestra que el 75.3% de los niños recibe algún tipo de violencia ya sea física o psicológica que pueden derivar en graves consecuencias en la salud. Se presenta el estudio de caso desarrollado durante la experiencia clínica en un hospital pediátrico de la Región Metropolitana y plantea las intervenciones de enfermería en niños/as hospitalizados por observación de maltrato infantil. El personal de enfermería cumple un rol esencial en el proceso de recuperación de la salud en situaciones de maltrato infantil. Es importante considerar el contexto y etapa del ciclo vital en la que se encuentra el niño, así como identificar y potenciar sus capacida­ des y las de su cuidador, fomentando la resiliencia, potenciando el apego y el autocuidado, con el fin de promover ambientes seguros que permitan el óptimo desarrollo biosicosocial del niño.

Child abuse is an issue of great relevance in Chile. The Third Study of Child Abuse created by the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund [UNICEF] in 2006, showed a 75.3% of children are victims of any kind of violence, which can be physical or psychological, and may result in serious complications in their health. This study was done during a clinical experience in a children's hospital of Metropolitan Region and pretends to pose nursing interventions to hospitalized children for child abuse. The nursing staff fulfills a vital role in the process of health recovery in child abuse cases. It is important to consider both the child's context and vital cicle stage, as well as identifying and enhancing the abilities of both the child in question and the person taking care of him, promoting resilience, increasing attachment to others and self-caring with the aim of contributing safe environments that allow the child's effective biological, psychological and social development.