ABSTRACT
Purpose@#For minimally invasive procedures, three-dimensional (3D) anatomical knowledge of the structures of the face is essential. This study aimed to describe the thickness of the skin and subcutaneous tissue and depths of the facial muscles located in the infraorbital region using a 3D scanner to provide critical clinical anatomical guidelines for improving minimally invasive cosmetic procedures. @*Materials and Methods@#The 3D scanning images of 38 Korean cadavers (22 males and 16 females; age range: 51~94 years at the time of death) were analyzed. Eight facial landmarks (P1~P8) were marked on the cadaveric faces. The images were scanned in three steps–undissected face, hemiface after skinning, and revealing the facial muscles. Student’s t-test was used to identify significant differences.Result: The skin and subcutaneous tissue tended to become thicker from the upper to lower and medial to lateral aspects, and the muscles followed the same pattern as that of the most superficial located muscle and the deepest located muscles. No significant sex-related differences were found in the skin at any landmark. However, the muscles tended to be deeper in the female participants. @*Conclusion@#The study data can serve as a basis for creating or enhancing clinical anatomy-based guidelines or improving procedures in the infraorbital region.
ABSTRACT
Reportamos el caso de un paciente con metástasis hepáticas, secundarias a adenocarcinoma de colon, quien presentaba una masa paratesticular dolorosa, cuya aparición coincidió con una progresión de la neoplasia de base. La resección quirúrgica de la masa identificó células neoplásicas provenientes del adenocarcinoma de colon.
We report the case of a patient with hepatic metastases secondary to colon adenocarcinoma. Who presented a par testicular and pain mass, which apparitions coincide with a progression of his basic neoplasic. The surgical resection of the mass identifies neoplásica cells with colon adenocarcinoma origin.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Aged , Scrotum/injuries , Neoplasm Metastasis/physiopathology , Testicular Neoplasms/diagnosis , Sigmoid Neoplasms/physiopathology , Adenocarcinoma/pathology , Biopsy/methods , Orchiectomy/methodsABSTRACT
It is described an instrument for the epidemiological surveillance of communicable diseases (VIGILA) that is based on the generalization of a modification of the statistical model proposed by Serfling for the prognosis of the endemic levels of the rates of communicable diseases in a period of 52 weeks (1 year). The comparison made between the observed rates and the prognosticated rates allows to detect unusual patterns of this indicator. The observation of rates over the higher limit of the prognosis interval during successive periods is suggested as a signal of alert. The introduction of this method in a computer program allows its application in the epidemiological surveillance units at the different levels of the health system.
Subject(s)
Humans , Communicable Diseases/epidemiology , Models, Statistical , Population Surveillance/methods , Data Interpretation, StatisticalABSTRACT
Con el objetivo de determinar el impacto de la campaña educativa sobre el cólera en los conocimientos y creencias de la población, se realizó en 1993 una encuesta a 1 324 personas de 14 provincias y el municipio especial Isla de la Juventud. El 85 % tenía entre 20 y 59 años y el nivel escolar del 89 % era de secundaria básica o superior. El 69 % tenía los conocimientos mínimos para enfrentar la enfermedad, el 90 % acudiría al médico si la sospechara, el 72 % conocía que la diarrea es el síntoma principal del cólera, el 54 % sabía cómo se transmite, el 89 % creía que se puede contagiar por medio del agua de beber, el 54 % entendía la importancia de suministrarle líquidos al enfermo y el 78 % comprendía la importancia de lavarse las manos antes de comer y cocinar. Se concluye que, si bien la población tiene conocimientos generales sobre la enfermedad, por encontrarse nuestro país en una zona endémica debe reforzarse la educación para la salud, específicamente en los aspectos relacionados con la transmisión y con el incremento de la ingestión de líquidos a los enfermos.
In order to determine the impact of the educational campaing about cholera on the knowledge and believes of the population, a survey was made in 1993 among 1 324 poersons from 14 provinces and from Isla de la Juventud special municipality. 85 % were 20-59 years oldand 89 % had an secondary basic or higher educational level. 69 % had the minimun knowledge to face the disease, 90 % would see a doctor if they had and suspicion, 72 % knew that diarrhea is the main symptom of cholera, 54 % new how it is transmitted 89 % thought that they may be infected by drinking water, 54 % understood the importance of giving liquids to the sick subject, and 78 % realized the significance of washing their hands before eating anf cooking. It is concluded that even though our population has a general knowledge about the disease, due to the fact that our country is located in an endemic zone, health education must be reinforced, specifically those aspects connected with the communication and with the increase of liquids administration to the patients.
ABSTRACT
Se revisan los conceptos actuales sobre la diarrea persistente (DP). Se estudian 102 pacientes con diarrea aguda y 85 con DP menores de un año. Se obtuvo información relativa a edad, estado nutricional, tiempo de lactancia materna, episodios nuevos de diarrea aguda y persistente y uso previo de medicamentos. Tambien se realizó estudios microbiológicos y coproparasitológicos para el estudio e identificación de los agentes enteropatógenos. Para controlar la asociación entre DP y la exposición a los diferentes factores de riesgo se utilizó el método estadístico de Chi Cuadrado (x2) y se estimó la razón de ventaja (OR) por orden de importancia y de acuerdo a los valores de OR los factores de riesgo identificados fueron: episodios previos de DP, estado nutricional inferior al tercer percentil, tiempo de lactancia materna menor de un mes, uso de metronidazol y otros antibióticos, infecciones mixtas, episodios previos de diarrea aguda y aislamiento de enteropatógenos. De estos el más frecuentemente aislado fue la Salmonella seguido por la Escherichia coli enteropatógena