ABSTRACT
Background: Bacterial Extracellular Polymeric Substances [EPS] are environmental friendly and versatile polymeric materials that are used in a wide range of industries such as: food, textile, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. To make the production process of the EPS cost-effective, improvements in the production yield is required which could be implemented through application of processes such as optimized culture conditions, and development of the strains with higher yield [e.g. through genetic manipulation], or using low-cost substrates
Objectives: In this work, the effects of carbon and nitrogen sources were studied in order to improve the EPS production by the submerged cultivation of Chryseobacterium indologenes MUT.2
Materials and Methods: The mesophilic microorganism Chryseobacterium indologenes MUT.2, was grown and maintained in the Luria Bertani agar. The initial basal medium contained: glucose [20 g.L-1], yeast extracts [5 g.L[-1]], K[2]HPO[4] [6 g.L[-1]], NaH[2]PO[4] [7 g.L[-1]], NH[4]CL [0.7 g.L[-1]], and MgSO[4] [0.5 g.L[-1]]. For evaluating the carbon and nitrogen sources' effect on the fermentation performance, cultures were prepared in 500 mL flasks filled with 300 mL of the medium. The single-factor experiments based on statistics was employed to evaluate and optimize the carbon and nitrogen sources for EPS production in the liquid culture medium of Chryseobacterium indologenes MUT.2
Results: The preferred carbon-sources, sucrose and glucose, commonly gave the highest EPS production of 8.32 and 6.37 g.L[-1], respectively, and the maximum EPS production of 8.87 g.L[-1] was achieved when glutamic acid [5 g.L[-1]] was employed as the nitrogen source
Conclusions: In this work, the culture medium for production of EPS by Chryseobacterium indologenes MUT.2 was optimized. Compared to the basal culture medium in shake-flasks and stirred tank bioreactor, the use of optimized culture medium has resulted in a 53% and 73% increase in the EPS production, respectively
ABSTRACT
The importance of cognitive resources was shown in dual task studies of postural control. However, there was no definite evidence on how verbal instructions influence the allocation of attention to postural control. Therefore, the objective of this study is to explore the effect of verbal instructions on postural performance. this Cross-sectional study was performed in 20 young adults [23.95 +/- 3.31]. Parallel standing/ hard surface, parallel standing/ foam surface, tandem standing/ hard surface were used as postural tasks and the choice reaction time task were conducted as cognitive task. Dual- task performance was measured under three different instructions including to pay attention to cognitive task, to postural task, and equal attention to both tasks. Comparing the performance of postural tasks under three different instructions were conducted by One-way ANOVA and showed in parallel standing on hard surface [p=0.831], parallel standing on foam [p=0.433], tandem standing on hard surface [p=0.912] for path length of COP and instructions in parallel standing on hard surface [p=0.308], parallel standing on foam [p=0.414], tandem standing on hard surface [p=0.867] for mean velocity were not significant. Postural performance in single and dual task conditions was significant only in parallel standing/ foam surface [p=0.046]. various instructions could not influence the amount of attention allocated to automatic postural tasks
ABSTRACT
To develop and evaluate the validity and reliability coefficients of Iranian Adolescents Risk-taking Scale [IARS] and its subscales was the aim of the current study. After reviewing the proposed instruments in this field, and with considering the cultural features and circumstances of the Iranian society, the Iranian Adolescents Risk-taking Scale [IARS] was developed in 38 items. 1204 students were selected from Tehran high schools using multistage sampling, and all subjects completed IARS. Data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and goodness of fit index. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that IARS is a 7 dimensional scale, which explains 64.84% of the overall risk variance. The Cronbach's alpha for the total scale and subscales were 0.94 and 0.74-0.93 respectively. The psychometric properties of IARS are consistent with the cultural indices of Iranian society
Subject(s)
Humans , Psychometrics , Adolescent , Reproducibility of Results , Students , Factor Analysis, StatisticalABSTRACT
Less than 1% of basal cell carcinomas are giant basal cell carcinomas. Giant basal cell carcinomas are rare. They preferentially involve the trunk and are commonly associated with neglect. Giant basal cell carcinomas of 10 cm or greater are associated with a high rate of metastasis. We report a case of giant basal cell carcinoma of the leg which is not associated with neglect and no signs of metastasis, despite being more than 10 cm in diameter. The present paper includes a brief review of the literature