Comprehensive evaluation of dehydration impact on ocular tissue during Ramadan fasting

The present study aimed to review the effect of dehydration during Ramadan fasting on the health and ocular parameters leading to changes in eye function. Articles included in the study were taken from PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science and Google Scholar up to 2014. Related articles were also obtained from scientific journals on fasting and vision system. Dehydration and nutrition changes in Ramadan cause an increase in tear osmolarity, ocular aberration, anterior chamber depth, IOL measurement, central corneal thickness, retinal and choroidal thickness, and also a decrease in IOP, tear secretion, and vitreous thickness. Much research related to the effect of dehydration on ocular parameters during Ramadan fasting exists. The findings reveal association with significant changes on ocular parameters. Thus, it seems requisite to have a comprehensive study on "fasting and ocular parameters", which will be helpful in making decisions and giving plan to the patients

effect of various contact lenses on intraocular pressure measurement by goldman tonometer

Today, contact lenses have extensive usages. Contact lens places on cornea, so it may induce variation on cornea and these variations can influence the measurement of intraocular pressure [IOP] by Goldman tonometer. The aim of this research was to study the effect of various contact lenses on measurement of intraocular pressure by Goldman tonometer. In this study, 80 subjects aged 18-25 were selected randomly among patients of Al-Zahra ophthalmology center. None of them has any eye pathological problems. Before wearing the lens, intraocular pressure was measured, and then patients were divided into two groups of soft and hard contact lenses. Soft and hard contact lenses were placed on the eye for two hours, and the intraocular pressure was measured again. The mean of IOP before wearing contact lenses and two hours later was 15.96 mmHg and 13.93, s respectively. Paired test showed a significant difference between IOP before and after wearing contact lenses [p=0.001].There was no significant differences in mean of intraocular pressure decline before and after placing the contact lens in both soft and hard lenses. According to this study, the intraocular pressure decreases after wearing contact lenses [CL]. This decline may be due to variation in properties of cornea after wearing CL that can also affect IOP measurement

assessment of accommodation and convergence system in the bank employees

Regarding the high outbreak rate of the eye disorders and problems particularly accommodation disorders and convergence insufficiency in computer users, the study tries to determine the convergence, accommodation system, condition, fusion reserves and vision dimension in bank employees [who work with computers] and the control group [who are not computer users] and then to compare the mentioned parameters in the two groups. In this cross-sectional and observational study a total of 44 bank employees and 44 people as the control group members were selected randomly. Initially, refractive problems were reformed, and then accommodation, convergence and vision dimension evaluative tests were conducted. The test included measuring the near point of convergence, jump convergence, phoria, accommodation range [one eye, both eyes], ease of accommodation [one eye, both eyes], positive and negative related accommodation, near fusion versions and TNO. Our results showed that there was a not significant difference among the near point of convergence, jump convergence, near phoria, accommodation range [one eye and both eyes], ease of accommodation [one eye, both eyes], positive and negative related accommodation in bank employees and control group. Regarding the studies, the outbreak rate of accommodation and convergence disorders is higher in bank employees than the control group which would be due to over working with computer within a fixed interval

[Evaluation of relationship between contrast sensitivity, color vision and visual acuity in diabetic patients with and without retinopathy]

To investigate the discriminative ability of contrast sensitivity [CS], color vision and log MAR visual acuity [VA] in detecting functional losses in diabetic participants with and without retinopathy comparing to the control group. In this cross sectional study in 1388 we examined 105 patients in Mashhad Khatam- Al-Anbia Eye Hospital including 70 diabetic patients [35 with retinopathy and 35 without retinopathy] with 35 control group. Contrast sensitivity was examined by means of CSV-1000 E at 3, 6, 12 and 18 cpd respectively. Color discrimination ability was measured with the Farnsworth D-15 test and log MAR VA by Snellen chart. Contrast sensitivity was significantly lower in the diabetic eyes with retinopathy than in the normal eyes in all spatial frequencies. Comparing to the control group, there was a statistically significant CS loss in spatial frequencies of 3, 6, 18 cpd in the diabetic eyes without retinopathy [p<0.05]. The mean log MAR VA and color vision abnormalities were significantly higher in the diabetic eyes with retinopathy than in the normal eyes or the diabetic eyes without retinopathy [p<0.001]. The sensitivity and specificity of the CS test in 6 cpd were 71% and 82% which were significantly higher than other spatial frequencies. The sensitivity and the specificity of the color vision test and VA [log MAR >/= 0.05, Snellen

[ relationship between coronary risk factors of cholesterol, triglyceride and fasting blood sugar and rate of corneal arcus]

With the ever increasing incidence of coronary artery disease, its detection in particular through visual system becomes important. This study examines the relationship between corneal arcus and coronary risk factors such as cholesterol, triglyceride and fasting blood sugar. For this cross-sectional study, 265 participants all aged over 30 years were randomly selected from the patients who referred to a clinic over the first three months of 2004. Cholesterol, triglyceride and fasting blood sugar level was tested. Severity of corneal arcus was determined. The data were then analyzed using ANOVA and Chi square test with 95% confidence interval. Our results showed that the frequency and severity of corneal arcus were positively correlated with age [P=0.041]. And the condition was more prevalent in males [p=0.001]. There was a statistically significant difference between mean of cholesterol and blood sugar level and how severe corneal arcus [cholesterol P=0.004, blood sugar P=0.04]. But the condition was not related to the triglyceride level [p= 0.0268]. Corneal arcus picked up in eye exams can aid detection of coronary artery disease as the condition is related to other health problems such as high cholesterol and high fasting blood sugar level

Visual function following treatment of optic neuritis

To evaluate changes in different aspects of visual function including visual acuity, visual field, contrast sensitivity, colour vision and stereopsis in patients with optic neuritis before and after medical intervention. In a noncomparative interventional case series on 31 eyes of 30 patients with optic neuritis, the following aspects of visual function were compared before and after treatment. Medical intervention was conducted following the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial [ONTT] guidelines. Visual function was assessed by evaluating changes in visual acuity, visual field [Goldmann in all patients and automated in some patients], contrast sensitivity using Cambridge low contrast grating, colour vision using lshihara plates and stereopsis using Titmus stereoacuity test. Visual acuity was significantly lower [3/10] in affected versus unaffected eyes [8/10] [P<0.00l]. Contrast sensitivity was also significantly better in unaffected eyes. Mean stereoacuity was 310 sec/arc. Visual field impairment was also significantly worse than that of the unaffected eye and normal population sample. Weak deutan defects were present in 60% of the patients. After medical treatment, visual acuity, visual field defects, contrast sensitivity, colour vision and stereopsis were significantly improved. Different aspects of visual function including visual acuity, visual field, contrast sensitivity, colour vision, and stereopsis are impaired in optic neuritis. Medical treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone followed by oral steroids is effective in improving these parameters. However, some deficits may persist after therapy. Since spontaneous recovery after optic neuritis is common, clinical trials are needed to determine the true effect of treatment versus follow-up