Simple Spectrophotometric and HPTLC-Densitometric Methods for Determination of Cefdinir in Bulk Powder and Pharmaceuticals, and in Presence of its Hydrolytic Degradation Products.

The present work describes development and validation of four different stability indicating methods for quantitative analysis of cefdinir (CFD) in bulk powder and pharmaceuticals, and in the presence of its acid and alkaline induced hydrolytic degradation products. The first method is based on derivative spectrophotometry. First derivative spectrophotometry was applied where CFD was determined at 313.4 nm in the presence of its alkaline degradation product and also second derivative spectrophotometry where CFD was determined at 298.2 nm in the presence of its acid degradation product. The second method is based on the first derivative of ratio spectrophotometry of CFD at 312 nm in the presence of its acid degradation product and at 310.2 nm in the presence of its alkaline degradation product. The third method is based on the mean centering of ratio spectrophotometry where the drug was determined at 288.4 and 284.8nm in laboratory prepared mixtures with its acid and alkaline degradation products, respectively. The fourth method is HPTLC-densitometry using diethylether-methanol-water-glacial acetic acid (6: 3: 1: 0.05, v/v) as a developing system. Due to simplicity, rapidity and accuracy of the proposed stability indicating methods, they are effective for quality control analysis.

Outcome of post-TUR-BT combined chemo and immuno intravesical therapy in the management of papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder

To evaluate the outcome of post-TUR-BT combined chemo-and immune-intravesical therapy in papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. From Sept 2001 to August 2007 in Alnoor specialist'hospital, Holly Makkah K.S,A and Urology Department, Benha Faculty of Medicine 158 patients of papillary transitional cell carcinoma Ta,T1,T2 were treated by TUR-BT plus combined intravesical chemotherapy and immunotherapy. TUR-BT was repeated and intravesical combined therapy if recurrence occurred on 3, 6 months cystoscopic follow up, percentage of the disease-free patient, recurrence, progression and survival with intact bladder were compared and analyzed. Follow up of the patients up to 5 years was done. At median follow up of about 24 months; 82 patients [53.6%] were disease free and recurrence was detected in 31 patients [20%] and progression was in 4 patients [2.6%]. The results of the follow up at the end of the 5 years revealed that the disease-free percentage was 64 patients [41.5%], recurrence was detected in 41 patients [26.8%] and progression was [14.4%] in 22 patients were shifted to cystectomy. Overall 5 year survival with intact bladder was 85.6% [131 patients], we did not follow cystectomy patients. Post TUR-BT combined intravesical chemo and immuno-therapy is an appropriate option for the management of papillary transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder and could preserve the intact bladder for a long period and should be applied even in muscle invasive T2 tumor before shifting to cystectomy

potential benefits of second TURBT in patients with newly diagnosed superficial bladder tumors and its impact on treatment strategy

Objective: Evaluation of the potential benefits and necessity of the second Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor [TURBT] in patients with newly diagnosed superficial bladder tumors and its impact on subsequent treatment strategy

Patients and Methods: A second TURBT was performed 2 - 3 weeks after the initial resection on 31 patients with newly diagnosed superficial bladder tumors in the period of October 2005 to October 2007. The first TURBT was performed where all visible tumors, tumor bed and tumor margins were resected and sampled separately. The second TURBT was performed by the same manner 2 - 3 weeks after the initial resection on 31 patients who were proved histpathologically to have superficial bladder tumors. Tumors were staged according to TNM system of UICC, and graded according to the new WHO/ISUP classification

Results: Second TURBT was performed on 31 patients [27 males and 4 females] with newly diagnosed bladder cancer 2 - 3 weeks from the initial resection. Minor to moderate complications occurred after resection were treated conservatively. Twenty cases [64.5 %] had no residual tumors, 11 cases [35.5 %] had residual tumors [6 visible and 5 microscopic tumors]. Of the 11 patients one had p Ta, 7 had pT1 and 3 had pT2 disease. Of the residual tumor detected, 3 cases [27 %] were low grade tumor and 8 cases [73 %] were high grade tumor. Three cases [10 %] underwent radical systectomy due to the change of pT1 to pT2 after second TURBT

Conclusion: Early detection of residual tumor 2- 3 weeks after initial TURBT can differentiate it from the recurrence which may be detected at first check systoscopy after 3 months which affect the prognosis of the disease and saving the patient from receiving unnecessary treatment. Also second TURBT is valuable in changing treatment strategy in considerable percentage of patients due to upstaging