ABSTRACT
The available anti-inflammatory drugs exert an extensive variety of side effects. The search for new anti-inflammatory agents [obtained from natural sources such as plant extracts] has been a priority of pharmaceutical industries. It is worth mentioning that, plants represent one of the most important sources of substances with biological activities. Moreover, plants continue to be an important source of new chemical substances with potential therapeutic effects. The aim of the present study was to assess the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activities and histopathological changes of sage oil from Salvia officinalis in paw oedema model induced by carrageenan [Carr] in mice. Using carrageenan-induced paw oedema model, the experiment included induction of inflammation with injection of 2% carrageenan solution dissolved in 0.9% saline intraplantarily to the right hind paw. The examined pro-inflammatory parameters were nitric oxide [NO] level, interleukin IL-1beta in paw tissue infiltrate and plasma, total and differential leukocytes count and paw volume [thickness]. Some antioxidant parametres were examined such as: catalase [CAT], superoxide dismutase [SOD], and glutathione peroxidase [GPx] activities, in addition to, malondialdehyde [MDA] production in the paw tissue. The data indicated that, there were increase in the amount of nitric oxide level, interleukin IL-1beta in paw tissue infiltrate and plasma, total leukocytes count and that evidence of the occurrence of inflammation in this region. Furthermore, carrageenan administration caused increase in paw oedema volume. Also data indicated that there were decreases in the amount of CAT, SOD and GPx activities. On the other hand, an increase of MDA production in the paw tissue, these results demonstrated that there was an evidence of oxidative stress in the paw tissue after carrageenan induction. Pretreatment with sage oil extracted from the medicinal herb Salvia officinalis administered orally [20 ml/kg] body weight in a single dose 1 hr before injection with carrageenan solution resulted in significant increase of the antioxidant enzymes activity, in contrast, a significant decrease in the pro-inflammatory mediators; NO, IL-1beta and total leukocytes number compared to the treatment with diclofenac which used as a reference drug, administrated orally [50 mg/kg body wt.]. of paw oedema sections stained with Harris haematoxylin and eosin [H and E] revealed a significant increase in the infiltration of ploymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMNs] mainly neutrophils, a common occurrence with inflammation. However, pretreatment with sage oil showed a significant reduction in the thickness of oedema and inflammatory cells infiltration compared to the carrageenan inflamed group. The current results denoted that, sage oil may have significant potential for the development of novel anti-inflammatory and antioxidant drug and could be used as pharmacological agent in the treatment of some inflammatory disorders in which free radical formation is a pathogenic factor
ABSTRACT
In recent years, tramadol is a widely used as an effective analgesic opioid agent for the treatment of moderate to severe pains. The study was under taken to evaluate the biochemical changes, potential immunological profiles and antioxidant stress biomarkers after chronic usage of tramadol, acetaminophen [APAP] and Tramacet. Sixty-four male adult albino rats were divided into four groups, control group, tramadol group, acetaminophen group and Tramacet group; half of the animals from each group were sacrificed after 30 days of treatment to determine serum aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], creatinine and blood urea nitrogen [BUN], as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokines. The other half of the animals from each group were kept for another one month later representing withdrawal groups to study changes on the above mentioned parameters after drugs withdrawal. Tramadol, acetaminophen and tramacet, caused a marked liver and kidney damage as noted by significant increase in the activities of serum AST, ALT and LDH as well as the levels of BUN and creatinine. On the other hand, acetaminophen and Tramacet showed significant increases in both interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma] and interleukin-1 beta [Il-1beta]. Moreover, administration of the studied medications resulted in significant decreases in liver glutathione [GSH], catalase [CAT] content and superoxide dismutase [SOD] activities which were parallel to an increase in malondialdehyde [MDA] levels. The data obtained exhibited that the acetaminophen had more potent effects on most studied parameters than tramadol and tramacet. The data recorded in the recovery period could be explained in view of the most potent effect of acetaminophen on all studied parameters than the two other utilized drugs, more time may be needed to recovery