Fluoride levels of drinking water and dental caries in Hazara and Mianwali

Two hundred and sixteen drinking water samples from various sources in Hazaza Division and District Mianwali were tested for fluoride levels. In Hazara Division, out of 161 water samples, only 4 samples were found to have fluoride levels within acceptable range [0.8-1.5 PPM], remaining samples had fluoride either very low or not at all. The fluoride range was from 0.0 to 0.9 ppm with a mean of 0.11 ppm. In District Mianwali, 55 drinking water samples were tested, the fluoride content was within normal limits or high, except few samples having less fluoride concentration. The range was 0.3 to 6. 5 ppm with mean of 1.46 ppm. 1739 Primary and High School going boys and girls of District Abbottabad, Haripur and Mianwali were examined for dental caries. In Hazara Division 61% were found to have mild to severe dental caries while in District Mianwali, it was only 4.9% while mottling was 14.6%

Post-operative pain relief by stadol using patient controlled analgesia [PCA] Comparison with pethidine

Patient controlled analgesia [PCA] is a useful technique of administering analgesic drugs as far as haemodynamic stability and conscious level is concerned. Stadol group had lower pain scorings and decrease in heart rate five minutes after all the top up doses,. Pain relief with pethidine was irregular and there was persistent increase in heart rate five minutes following 2nd 3rd and 4th dose. High pain scores for 4-5 hours post-operatively suggest either the patients were prepared to tolerate the pain and demand analgesia only with severe pain or the patient did not understand the scale for measuring pain because of their education level and social status which were not evaluated in this study. It seems as if visual analogue scale has its limitations