Causes and awareness regarding smoking in patients attending general medicine OPD at tertiary care hospital

Objective: To assess the causes and awareness of smoking in general population

Study Design: Observational / descriptive study

Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at General Medicine OPD of PUMHS Hospital Nawabshah from 2015 up to January 2016

Materials and Methods: Two hundred patients were integrated in the study following receiving verbal well-versed consent. A self-administered questionnaire was filled and information was collected regarding reasons of smoking, and awareness regarding smoking that weather it is harmful, what is passive smoking etc

Results: When cases were interviewed regarding awareness of smoking than 121[60.5%] answered correctly that smoking is harmful for health while 79[39.5%] answered incorrectly. Passive smoking is risky for health, was answered correctly only by 76[38%] while 124[62%] persons did not knew that passive smoking very risky for health. Only 29[14.5%] cases answered correctly about smoking quitting centers in our country. 89[44.5%] peoples smoke to relieve occupational stress, 79[39.5%] participants smokes to relieve domestic stress, 67[33.5%] smoke for the digestive purpose, 111[55.5%] smokes when sitting with friends, 113[56.6%] smokes due to peer pressure and 78[39%] smokes due to habit from childhood and also their parents were smoker

Conclusion: This study showed that peoples had low level of consciousness regarding injurious consequences of smoking. Common reasons were seen peer pressure, reduce stress and digestive purpose

Diabetic foot infection; frequency of microbes and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern at tertiary care hospital, Karachi

Objectives: To determine the frequency of common bacterial isolates cultured from diabetic foot infection in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus [DM] falling in Wagner's grade-2 and grade-3 classification of diabetic foot [DF] infection

Study Design: Descriptive study

Period: A six months

Setting: Dow University of health sciences and civil hospital Karachi

Methods: Completed to examine the bacterial identification in cases admitted with the infection diabetic foot along with gave Wagner's evaluation 2 and 3 at tertiary care hospital Karachi. Bacteriological finding and anti-biotic affectability profiles were completed and analyzed with utilizing standard strategies

Results: Out of 115 cases, 82 [71%] were male and 23 [29%] were female. The mean age of patients was 51.7 +/- 9.45 years, mean duration of diabetes was 10.6 +/- 4.73 years, similarly mean length of time of diabetes foot wound was 46.15 +/- 23.75 days. 45 [39%] patients had Wegner's evaluation 2 and 70 [61%] patients had Wagner's evaluation 3. 99 cases indicated with culture growth, out of which 65 [65.65%] with gram negative microbes and 25 [25.25%] gram-positive microbes. The most successive bacteria's were Proteus [35.35%], Staph. Aureus [25.25%], Klebsiella [16.16%] and Pseudomonas [15.15%]. Both gram positive and gram negative showed frequent resistance to Cloxacillin, Amoxacillin, Levofloxacin, and Linezolid, gram negative life forms likewise indicated high resistance rate to Clindamycin, Vancomycin, and Cefotaxime. Tienam [Imipenem], Sulzone [salbactam in addition to cefoperazone] and Amikacin were the best effective against gram -ve and gram +vemicrobes. Staph. Aureus and Staph. Epidermidis were profoundly susceptible to Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, Clindamycin, and Vancomycin

Conclusion: Gram negative microbes were more common than gram positive living beings. Proteus, Staph Aureus, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most widely recognized microorganisms of DF infection. Tienam [Imipenem], Sulzone [salbactam in addition to cefoperazone], and Amikacin were best effective agents

Chronic liver disease; vitamin D deficiency in the patients

The objective of this study to detect the vitamin D deficiency associated to different risk factors in the patients with CLD. Descriptive study. MMC Mirpur Khas and LUH Jamshoro / Hyderabad. Nov 2013 to Apr 2014. All the cases with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis were included in the study after diagnosis. All the patients with HCC, diabetes and with renal failure were excluded from the study. Assessment of CLD causes was carried out by routine investigation, ultrasound of abdomen and patient's personal history. Furthermore to assessment of vitamin D status, by measuring serum concentration level as 25 [OH] of the vitamin D. Blood sample of all the cases were send to the Diagnostic and research Laboratory of LUMHS. Male were found in the majority 60.0% and female 40.0%, with the mean age of [mean +/- SD=49.8 +/- 6.5]. Deficiency of the vitamin D was calculated according to different causes in according Vitamin D classification as; [Mild class 20-31 ng/ml], [Moderate class 7-19 ng/ml] and [Severe class /7 ng/ml]. In the mild class HBV infected patients 78.95% were most common. In moderate class HBV +HCV infected patients were most common 52.94%. Patients with history of alcohol were found in majority with severe deficiency of vitamin D 57.14%. In this study we concluded that vitamin D deficiency increases with increases of liver seventy, it's mostly found in the HCV infected and alcoholic liver disease, these patients should take vitamin D regularly, and food which contains rich source of Vitamin D