In vitro penetration activity of ionic liquid-Gnetum gnemon seed extract loaded solid lipid nanoparticles

Gnetum gnemon L. (Melinjo) seeds have high trans-resveratrol, which was known to have poor skin absorption ability.This study was performed to evaluate the skin absorption of ionic liquid-melinjo seed extract (IL-MSE) loaded solidlipid nanoparticles (SLN). The SLNs was formulated with glyceryl monostearate as the lipid ingredient, ceteareth-25,ceteareth-6, stearyl alcohol, an aqueous phase, and 10% melinjo seed extract. The SLNs were prepared by modificationof high-pressure homogenization. The polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency (EE), particlesize (PS), and morphological scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were evaluated. The in vitro penetration of IL-MSESLN was carried out by using the Franz cell diffusion method. The SLNs formulations showed an average of particlessize about 794 nm, and with high lipid and surfactant, the content could contributing to high entrapment efficiencyto almost 89%. Even though the polydispersity index of SLN was 1.229, and zeta potential measurement was 62.56mV. Up to 45% of the trans-resveratrol penetrated through the skin after 8 hours of the test run. The IL-MSE loadedto SLNs could improve the absorption of trans-resveratrol through the skin.

Application of the natural deep eutectic solvent choline chloride-sorbitol to extract chlorogenic acid and caffeine from green coffee beans (Coffea canephora)

This study aimed to determine the optimum method for extracting caffeine and chlorogenic acid (CGA) from greencoffee beans (GCB) of Coffea canephora using choline chloride–sorbitol, a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES).Three different preparations of choline chloride–sorbitol and choline chloride–sorbitol–urea (2:1, 4:1, and 6:1) wereused for the extraction. The most effective preparation was used to evaluate the effect of dilution with water andextraction time. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, with a gradient solvent system of 0.1%acetic acid (90%) and acetonitrile (10%), was used to quantify the CGA and caffeine. Choline chloride–sorbitol ata ratio of 4:1 was the most effective for extracting chlorogenic and caffeine, with caffeine and CGA yield of 4.49and 16.59 mg/g dry weight, respectively. The optimum water concentration was not found. Using a higher NADESdilution for extraction corresponded to an increased yield of caffeine and CGA. The effective time for extraction wasfound to be 30 minutes, which yielded the most caffeine and CGA. Based on these results, choline chloride–sorbitolcould be an alternative green solvent for extracting caffeine and CGA from C. canephora GCB.

A new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor from Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth

Objective: To isolate, identify, and evaluate a new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor from Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth herbs. Methods: A dried sample of Peperomia pellucida herb was successively macerated with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extract solution was evaporated to obtain the crude extract. Vacuum liquid column chromatography and thin layer chromatography were performed to obtain two pure compounds. Then, both compounds were elucidated and identified using the spectroscopic method. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity studies of both compounds were determined using angiotensin-converting enzyme kit WST-1 with spectrophotometer microplate reader 96-well at 450 nm wavelength. Results: Two bioactive compounds were successfully isolated from Peperomia pellucida herb, including a new compound of 2,3,5-trimethoxy-9-(12,14,15-trimethoxybenzyl)-1H-indene and pellucidin A. Both compounds demonstrated angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity, with IC

Optimization of ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenolic content from Peperomia pellucida (L) kunth using response surface methodology

Objective To optimize the ionic liquid based microwave-assisted extraction (IL-MAE) of polyphenolic content from Peperomia pellucida (L) Kunth. Methods The IL-MAE factors as experimental design parameters, including microwave power, extraction time, ionic liquid concentration, and liquid–solid ratio had been involved. Response surface methodology and Box–Behnken design were used to obtain predictive model (multivariate quadratic regression equation) and optimization of the extraction process. The response surface was analyzed by using the yields of total polyphenolic content as response value. Results Based on the obtained results the optimum extraction condition, including microwave power of 30% Watts, extraction time of 18.5 min, the ionic liquid concentration of 0.79 mol/L, and the liquid–solid ratio of 10.72 mL/g 1-Buthyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]BF

Clinical manifestations of Goldenhar syndrome

Goldenhar syndrome is a congenital disorder with diverse clinical presentation. This case series describes various clinical manifestations of Goldenhar Syndrome. 11 patients at least two of the described features of Goldenhar syndrome were randomly included in the study to form a case series. Clinical data of all these subjects was documented, described in percentages and analyzed. Out of the 11 patients studied, 6 were females and 5 males. Mean age was 7.3 years [ranging from 1 year to 23 years]. 7 [63.6%] patients had a limbal dermoid, 6 [54.5%] patient had mandibular hypoplasia, whereas only 3 [27.3%] presented with hemifacial microsomia. Spinal defects and polydactyly were present in [36.4%] patients each. There was one patient [9%] who had both microphthalmia and lid coloboma in addition to limbal dermoid. Similarly, renal defect [atrophic kidney], cleft upper lip and palate and CNS defect [7th nerve palsy] were present in one patient [9%] each. None of our patients had either cardiac or GIT defect. In our study we were able to document the variable manifestations of Goldenhar syndrome with their frequencies. This knowledge base will help us in planning treatment and assistance strategies or these patients

Urolithiasis presentation and ultrasonographic evaluation

[1]To assess the common presenting features of urolithiasis. [2] To assess the role of Ultrasonography in its evaluation. Cross sectional study. Khyber X rays, Khyber Medical Centre, Peshawar. March 2010 to June 2010. Data from patients presenting with urolithiasis for an ultrasound examination was analyzed for presenting complaints and ultrasound findings according to objectives of the study. A total of 210 cases of urolithiasis were analyzed. The age wise categorization included pediatric population [9.5%], adult population [82.4%] and geriatric population [8.1%]. Pain was the most common presenting complaint in all three age groups. Kidney was the most common site for renal calculi followed by ureter, bladder and urethra in descending order. Accompanying dysuria was present in 20% cases. Mild hydronephrosis was noted in 44.8%. Statistically significant difference was present between ultrasound findings in geriatric population and overall results. Urolithiasis continues to be a major cause of morbidity among population of all age groups. Overall trend of Ultrasonographic findings was applicable to pediatric and adult population. There has been significant difference of ultrasound findings among geriatric population from normal trend

Ultrasound guided percutaneous drainage of intra-abdominal abscesses and fluid collections

Percutaneous image-guided drainage is the first-line treatment for infected or symptomatic fluid collections in the abdomen and pelvis, in the absence of indications for immediate surgery and considered potentially a life saving therapeutic surgical procedure in high risk patients . To evaluate the efficacy of US-guided percutaneous drainage in treating intra-abdominal abscesses and fluid collections. Patients with intra-abdominal collections underwent percutaneous drainage under ultrasound [US] guide were studied prospectively in the Gastro-enterology and hepatology hospital in baghdad from April 2008-Sept 2009. The procedure done under local anesthesia and aseptic technique, needle access obtained before placing the catheter .Peritoneal Dialyses catheter was used in our study. There were 43 patients [29 females and 14 males], Age ranging 8-67 years. The collections diagnosed basically on US in 33 patients [76.7%] and US and CT-scanning needed in 10 [23.3%]. These collections were post-operative in 36 patients [83.7%] and primary [spontaneous] in 7 [16.3%]The post-operative cases were as follow:18 patients [50%] operated on for gall bladder diseases, 6 [16.7%] for abdominal trauma, 4 [11%] for acute abdomen, 4 [11%]for Hydatid cyst, 2 [5.6%] colonic surgery and one patient [2.8%] operated on for acute appendicitis and one [2.8%] after ERCP. Twenty three [53.5%] of the collections were single and 20 [46.5%] were multiple. The single collections were located as: Right Hypochondrial[Right subphrenic,Subhepatic and Hepatic] in 15 patients [65.2%], Epigastric in 4[17.4%],2 of them were pancreatic, Pelvic in 3 [13%], and paracolic in one patient [4.4%]. Six patients[14%] have hepatic collections, 4 of which were following Hydatid Cyst Surgery, the remainder were Pyogenic hepatic abscesses. Material drained was Bile in 24 patients [56%],Pus in 17[39.5%] and blood and urine in one patient [2.25%] for both, Fourteen patients [32.6%] underwent more than single drainage procedure, nine of them [64.3%] twice, three [21.4%] three times and two [14.3%]more than 3 re-interventions. The operations has been avoided in 26 patients [60.5%] but was not avoidable in 17 [39.5%], because of the ultimate need of the condition for operation in 15 patients [88%]and failure of drainage in 2 patients [4.7%] US guided drainage is an efficacious therapy for intra-abdominal collections and have become the treatment of choice for a wide variety of collections. It helps to obviate or delay a major surgery

Associated features of temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome

To know the associated features of temporomandibular pain dysfunction syndrome [TMPD] in order to prepare a preliminary report about patterns of TMPDS in our population. Material and In this prospective observational study, fifty patients of TMPDS were interviewed and examined in Sardar Begum Dental College Peshawar and authors private clinic from Jul 2005 to Dec 2006. Diagnosis of TMPD was established by history and clinical examination as the presence of pain, tenderness in muscle of mastications, limitation of jaw movements and by exclusion of other dental or TMJ pathological conditions Most of the patients were in their third decade of life and mostly they were students [34%]. Female gender was more common [74%] and most of the female patients were unmarried. Parafunctional habits like bruxisum, daytime clenching of the teeth, nail biting were noted in 22 [44%] patients, difficult extractions in 3[6%] patients and orthodontic treatment in 3[6%] patients while in 17 [34%] cases associated features were unknown. Pain was the presenting complaint of all the patients [100%] followed by clicking sounds in 56% and trismus in 44% of the cases. Parafunctional habits, difficult extractions and orthodontic treatment were related with TMPD in this study and nearly all of these factors reflect the stress affecting the TMJ

Patterns and presentations of impacted mandibular third molars subjected to removal at Khyber college of dentistry Peshawar

Two hundred consecutive patients of mandibular third molar impactions presented to the oral surgery department of Khyber College of dentistry Peshawar were studied clinically and radiographically. Purpose of the study was to determine the patterns and presentations of mandibular third molar impactions. The impacted mandibular third molars were classified according to Pell and Gregory's method of classification as well as according to their angulations. Pathologies related to each type were also documented. The most common angulation of impacted mandibular third molar was mesioangular [48%] followed by vertical [35%] and distoangular [10%]. Pell and Gregory Class II [55%] and Class I [38%] were the most common types of impacted mandibular third molars. By analyzing level of eruption, it was found that Pell and Gregory Class B [59%] and Class A [35%] were the most common types of impactions. Pericoronitis was the most common pathology [48.5%] followed by caries [26.5%] and periodontal problems [10%]. Lack of awareness and mismanagement of impacted mandibular third molar often lead to recurrent infections and irreversible damage to their adjacent structures. As a result of this study previous recommendation for the prophylactic removal of those impactions, which are at higher risk of developing pathologies is suggested; otherwise a regular clinical and radiographical follow-up is necessary

effect of calcium antagonists on whole blood serotonin and platelet serotonin during pre-eclampsia

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of calcium antagonists nifedipine and verapamil on blood pressure levels and the level of serotonin in both whole blood and platelets in 6 pregnant women with mild pre-eclampsia and 8 pregnant women with moderate pre-eclampsia treated with 10 mg oral dose nifedipine twice daily, while 5 pre-eclampsia pre-eclamptic women in each mild and moderate cases treated with 40 mg verapamil three times daily. The women received their specific treatment until the day of delivery. Data analysis revealed a significant decrease in systolic, diasrolic and mean arterial blood pressure in each treatment regimen compared with pre-treatment values in both mild and moderate cases. Considering whole blood 5-HT, administration of both calcium antagonists causes a significant decrease in the level of whole blood 5-HT in mild pre-eclampsia after 3- days treatment; while in moderate case there is a significant decrease after 3-days treatment with nifedipine and 6-days treatment after verapamil. Platelet serotonin level was significantly increased in mild case after 3-days of both treatments; while in moderate case, platelet serotonin level was increased after 3-days treatment with nifedipine and 6-days treatment with verapamil as compared to pre- treatment level. These observations suggest that calcium antagonists may be effective in reducing elevated blood pressure in pre-eclampsia patients and that serotonin may play a role in the pathogenesis of pre -eclampsia. Serotonin is widely distributed in nature being found in plants and animals. In human, over 90% of the serotonin is found in enterochromaffin cell in the G.I.T. The overflowing of 5-HT from cells into the blood is removed actively by the liver and the endothelium, specially in the lung. The 5-HT taken up by the endothelial cells is destroyed enzymatically by mono-amine oxidase. Most of the 5-HT escaping hepatic and pulmonary metabolism is taken up by the platelets. Serotonin activates human blood platelets by combining with specific receptors on the membrane, seems to be of the 5-HT2-type [Leysen etal., 1982]. 5-HT; receptors type also identified on vascular smooth muscle and bronchial smooth muscle, their stimulation provoked smooth muscle contraction [Vanhoutte et al., 1983], which also suggest that serotonin in hypertensive human and animal play a role in the maintenance of the chronic increase in peripheral resistance. Pre-eclampsia is associated with the increased maternal placental Vascular resistance and elevated blood pressure has been considered as a compensatory to maintain placental perfusion. Therefore antihypertensive treatment in these patients should cause uterine vasodilatation in order to avoid diversion of the placental circulation. Calcium channel blockers of the dihydropyridine group [nifedipine] characterized by their ability to influence transmembrane calcium influx. These are clinically useful peripheral vaso dilators effects and seen effective in lowering maternal Mood pressure in pre-eclampsia [Constantin et al., 1987; Barton etal., 1990]. In 1993, Lechner demonstrated an excellent uterus-relaxing properties of verapamil in addition to their efficacy as hypotensive agents in the treatment of pre-eclampsia

Colorectal carcinoma in young adults: Clinicopathological study in Mosul

A clinicopathoIogical study of young patients with colorectal carcinoma, aged 40 Years and under, were studied during the period [1984 - 1990]. There were 83 patients Out of 200 with colorectal cancer in this age group [41.5%]. This percentage was found to be higher than those reported by other workers. The explanation for that and the Dukes staging of such patients was considered and discussed. The most common presenting symptoms were abdominal pain, rectal bleeding and changes in bowel habits. The histological pattern was mostly of moderately [38.6%] and poorly differentiated [39.7%] types with mucinous changes. It was concluded that such tumours in this age group is much higher in this country [North of Iraq] than those- reported in other countries and the incidence of the mucinous variety is higher too. This finding is reflected in the Dukes staging of such patients where roost of them were staged B and. C. Proper follow up and satisfactory recording is essential to assess prognosis

Carcinoma of the urinary bladder in Northern Iraq [histopathological study of the types, grading and pathological staging]

Pathological classification and grading of two hundred-eight cases of carcinoma of the urinary bladder was done. Pathological staging was also performed, whenever possible and muscle invasion was particularly looked for and it was seen in twenty-eight cases only, where the muscle layer was there in the biopsy. Transitional-cell carcinoma was the most common type [94.7%]. The majority were of grade 1[42.64%], and grade 2[35.54%]. Grade 3[13. 19%]and grade 4[8.62%] were found to be mainly invasive. The papillary tumour was found to be less invasive than the non-papillary [solid] type. A close relation between grade and pathological stage was noticed. The squamous-cell carcinoma was a rare tumour of the bladder in this part of Iraq. It was highly invasive. These findings are discussed and compared with other studies and in relation to certain factors

frequency of breast carcinoma in Nineva province

Hospital-based data on 152 cases [148 females and 4 males] of breast carcinoma diagnosed in the pathology department during the period 1976-1980 are presented. Histopathological classification of such cases was done using the recent W. H. O. classification. Infiltrative duct carcinoma [71.62%] was the most common type. It mainly occurred in the fourth and fifth decades of life. Medullary carcinoma was fairly a common type of breast cancer [13.51%]. It occurred in younger age group than the infiltrative ductal type. These findings are compared and discussed in relation to other studies and in relation to certain factors