ABSTRACT
@#Introduction: A dilemma arises when a bone graft or fracture fragment is accidentally dropped on the operation theatre floor and becomes contaminated. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of simple and readily available antiseptic solutions in disinfecting contaminated bones. Materials and methods: This experimental study involved 225 bone specimens prepared from discarded bone fragments during a series of 45 knee and hip arthroplasty surgeries. The bone fragments were cut into five identical cubes and were randomly assigned to either control (positive or negative), or experimental groups (0.5% chlorhexidine, 10% povidone-iodine or 70% alcohol). The control negative was to determine pre-contamination culture. All bone specimens, except the control negative group were uniformly contaminated by dropping on the operation theatre floor. Subsequently, the dropped bone specimens except for the control positive group, were disinfected by immersing in a respective antiseptic solution for 10 minutes, before transported to the microbiology laboratory for incubation. Results: The incidence of a positive culture from a dropped bone fragment was 86.5%. From the 37 specimens sent for each group, the incidence of positive culture was 5.4% (2 specimens) after being disinfected using chlorhexidine, 67.6% (25 specimens) using povidone-iodine and 81.1% (30 specimens) using alcohol. Simple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that chlorhexidine was significantly effective in disinfecting contaminated bones (p-value <0.001, odd ratio 0.009). Povidone-iodine and alcohol were not statistically significant (p-value 0.059 and 0.53, respectively). Organisms identified were Bacillus species and coagulase negative Staphylococcus. No gram-negative bacteria were isolated. Conclusion: A total of 0.5% chlorhexidine is effective and superior in disinfecting contaminated bones.
ABSTRACT
Anthropometric data of a nutrition survey of 849 infants and children, aged 0-6 years in four semi-rural regions of Saudi Arabia showed mild to moderate stunting for most age-sex groups. None of the age groups reached the median height for age and none were classified as severely stunted. Weight for height measurements showed the absence of wasting in any degree for all age-sex groups. The United States National Center for Health Statistics standards were used
Subject(s)
Infant , Child, PreschoolABSTRACT
A retrospective study was made of 767 Saudi Arabia children's breast-feeding and weaning habits, and these were correlated with their states of nutrition. The total sample was survival for prevalence and duration of breast-feeding. Of the 767 children, 21.5% were breast-fed completely and 68.4% used mixed feeding [breast, bottle, and glass]. About 10% did not breast-feed. Breast-feeding was extended up to two years. A subsample of 538 was tested for anthropometric measurements and dietary adequacy of intake. Overall, the total subsample suffered some mild stunting, and all groups, both male and female, from 13-18 months up to 31-36 months were mildly stunted. Weight for higher for all age groups was normal except for mild wasting in the male 0-6 and 7-12 month groups, according to the US National Center for Health Statistics standard. Protein, calcium, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamin C were higher than the World Health Organization Recommended Daily Allowance, and calories and iron were significantly low for all age levels from birth to 30 years. The study showed that Saudi Arabia infants and children may suffer from mild malnutrition if the mother's milk is not enough for growth and development, and adequate supplementation is not provided